“…nitric oxide, superoxide anion) effects carried by the gas phase of smoking and which-effect mostly the upper-respiratory tract are short-lived (Rahman, 2006). The tar may also contribute to the genesis of the ROS through the reduction of oxygen molecules, an action mediated through the semi-quinone radicals (Rahman, 2006). Additionally ROS agents also cause (a) lipid peroxidation which might induce the activation of the inflammation cascade and (b)display a chemotactic effect exacerbating the inflammatory process (Chung, 2005;Hattori et al, 2010).…”