Red Water Release in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Imran, Syed; Dietz, John D.; Mutoti, Ginasiyo; Taylor, James S.; Randall, Andrew A.; Cooper, C.D.O.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07475.x

Cited by 71 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…For the conditions of the study, a strong relationship existed between the total iron (Fe) concentration (milligrams per litre) and apparent color (cpu) in the PDS. This relationship is shown in Eq 3 (Imran et al, 2005b; Imran, 2003):

Fe = 0.0132 \times Apparent Color

Because of the high coefficient of correlation (R 2 = 0.82) between apparent color and total iron concentrations for the conditions of this study, apparent color was used as a substitute measurement for total iron. A color (iron) release model was developed for the hybrid PDS and is shown in Eq 4 (Imran et al, 2005a; Taylor et al, 2005; Imran, 2003):

\begin{array}{l} left & Δ C = \\ left & \frac{{(Cl)}^{0.485} {(Na)}^{0.561} {({SO}_{4}^{2 ‐})}^{0.118} {(DO)}^{0.967} {(T)}^{0.813} {(HRT)}^{0.836}}{10^{1.321} {(Alk)}^{0.912}} \end{array}

in which ΔC is the increase in apparent color in cpu; Na, SO 4 2‐ , and Cl are the sodium, sulfates, and chlorides, respectively, in mg/L; Alk is the alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO 3 ; DO is the dissolved oxygen content in mg/L; T is the temperature in °C; and HRT is the hydraulic retention time in days.…”

Section: Experimental Design and Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems

Imran¹,

Dietz²,

Mutoti³

et al. 2006

Journal AWWA

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Utilities must understand the issues involved when multiple source waters are blended, particularly the effect on distribution system water quality. This article describes a multiobjective technique that can help evaluate blends to identify acceptable water quality for simultaneous control of lead, copper, iron, and monochloramine levels in distribution systems. Blends of three source waters—groundwater, surface water, and desalinated water—were evaluated. Modeling results indicated that different pipe materials often have conflicting water quality requirements for release abatement. For example, corrosion of copper and lead pipes was increased by increasing alkalinity, whereas increasing alkalinity was beneficial in reducing the release of iron corrosion products from pipes. Increasing sulfates reduced lead release but increased iron release. These conflicting water quality requirements for lead, copper, and iron release mean that utilities must evaluate the tradeoffs between water quality and corrosion response.

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Fe = 0.0132 \times Apparent Color

\begin{array}{l} left & Δ C = \\ left & \frac{{(Cl)}^{0.485} {(Na)}^{0.561} {({SO}_{4}^{2 ‐})}^{0.118} {(DO)}^{0.967} {(T)}^{0.813} {(HRT)}^{0.836}}{10^{1.321} {(Alk)}^{0.912}} \end{array}

Section: Experimental Design and Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems

Imran¹,

Dietz²,

Mutoti³

et al. 2006

Journal AWWA

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the influence of water age on pipeline corrosion is related to sitespecific factors such as local water quality conditions and the type of pipe materials. For example, case studies have shown that lead and copper levels can vary dramatically within the distribution system even when utilities meet the lead and copper rule (LCR) (Cantor et al 2003a, b;Imran et al 2005;Stith et al 2006;Renner 2006;Gronberg 2007;Scardina et al 2008;HDR 2011;Hill and Cantor 2011;Edwards 2014;Wang et al 2014b). Wang et al (2014b) recently used GIS in Raleigh, NC, to determine that higher water age to buildings tended to increase lead leaching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots

Masters

Parks

Atassi

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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Cumulative changes in chemical and biological properties associated with higher "water age" in distribution systems may impact water corrosivity and regulatory compliance with lead and copper action levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of water age and chemistry on corrosivity of various downstream premise plumbing pipe materials and configurations using a combination of controlled laboratory studies and a field survey. Examination of lead pipe, copper pipe with lead solder, and leaded brass materials in a replicated lab rig simulating premise plumbing stagnation events indicated that lead or copper release could increase as much as ∼440 % or decrease as much as 98 % relative to water treatment plant effluent. In field studies at five utilities, trends in lead and copper release were highly dependent on circumstance; for example, lead release increased with water age in 13 % of cases and decreased with water age in 33 % of conditions tested. Levels of copper in the distribution system were up to 50 % lower and as much as 30 % higher relative to levels at the treatment plant. In many cases, high-risks of elevated lead and copper did not co-occur, demonstrating that these contaminants will have to be sampled separately to identify "worst case" conditions for human exposure and monitoring.

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“…Corrosion of cast iron pipes is the most common distribution system problem [2][3][4], and it can cause three distinct but related problems: pipe mass loss, decreasing water capacity, and production of red water at the tap. Corrosion scales in iron pipes interact with finished water with resulting adverse effects on distribution water quality, possibly leading to release of undesirable substances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of biofilms and iron corrosion scales with ground and surface waters in drinking water distribution systems

Wang

et al. 2015

Corrosion Science

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a b s t r a c tThe composition of biofilm bacterial communities and iron corrosion scales were studied in two drinking water distribution systems transporting groundwater (DWDS-GW) and surface water (DWDS-SW). Loose corrosion products were formed containing a-FeOOH in DWDS-GW, while dense crystallized particles were formed in DWDS-SW, including a-FeOOH, Fe 3 O 4 and CaCO 3 . The biofilms in the two systems had the same bacterial diversity, denitrifying functional genes and 16S rRNA gene copies, but the bacterial communities were very different. It was found that nitrate-reducing bacteria in biofilms that are associated with iron cycling played a large role in the formation of Fe 3 O 4 and corrosion layers.

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Red Water Release in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Cited by 71 publications

References 9 publications

Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems

Optimizing source water blends for corrosion and residual control in distribution systems

Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots

Characteristics of biofilms and iron corrosion scales with ground and surface waters in drinking water distribution systems

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