Recycling Wastes from Ozokerite Production in Large-Tonnage Energy-Conserving Technology for Fabricating Construction Ceramic

Abstract

A comprehensive study of the wastes from ozokerite production at the Borislavskoe deposit (L'vov oblast', Ukraine) was performed. It was determined on the basis of data from x-ray phase, differential thermal and petrographic analyses as well as from the determination of the main physical and ceramic properties of the wastes and compositions in combination with additives such as secondary kaolin from the Murzinskoe deposit, primary alkaline kaolin from the Dubrovskoe deposit and fly ash from the Ladyzhinskaya TPP that these wastes can be used effectively in the batch to obtain construction ceramic. Introducing the wastes into the batch makes it possible to reduce their sensitivity to drying, intensify the molding process and reduce the consumption of the main heat carrier during firing.

Lipsticks History, Formulations, and Production: A Narrative Review

“…Recent evidence suggests that the microcrystalline wax was utilized in lipsticks production as a lipstick base and stiffening agent [62,63]. Ozokerite wax is manufactured from coal and shale [64]. It helps to raise the melting point of the stick [20].…”

Development of engobe coatings based on alkaline kaolins

“…In articles [3,4], the use of alkaline kaolins in the production of tiles was shown, and in the studies of authors [12][13][14], raw materials were introduced into ceramic masses for the production of domestic, sanitary and electro-insulating porcelain. It is noted that the alkaline kaolins act as a sintering additive to the masses with the annealing temperatures of 1,180-1,200 °C and above.…”

“…Alkaline kaolins, which along with quartz-feldspar materials [3,4] found their use in manufacturing many types of fine ceramics, can be also promising complex raw material for the production of engobe coatings. However, taking into account the diversity of alkaline kaolins, it is necessary to carry out complex studies of peculiarities of their application and state the basic dependences of the properties of engobe coatings on the content of the raw material.…”