Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by ammoniacal leaching

Ku, Heesuk; Jung, Yeojin; Jo, Minsang; Park, Sanghyuk; Kim, Sookyung; Yang, Dong-Hyo; Rhee, Kang-In; An, Eung-Mo; Sohn, Jeong-Soo; Kwon, Kyungjung

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.062

Cited by 281 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Selective leaching is driven by the formation of stable coordination complexes between ammonia and metallic ions, particularly Li + , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , and Cu 2+ , whereas Fe, Mn, and Al typically remain precipitated as hydroxides. Although leaching with ammonia alone is thermodynamically favorable, the reaction has poor kinetics, and thus minimal leaching is observed for Li, Ni, and Co even at high concentrations . However, Cu can easily be leached due to the high formation constant of the Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+ complex .…”

Section: Leaching Developments and Unconventional Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Leaching Developments and Unconventional Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…Wówczas, baterie mogą zostać użyte do mniej wymagających zastosowań, m.in. do magazynowania energii podczas modernizacji linii energetycznych [6].…”

Section: Budowa Akumulatorów Litowo-jonowychunclassified

“…[6] zaproponowali proces odzysku metali ze zużytych akumulatorów litowo-jonowych z zastosowaniem wody amoniakalnej (Rys. 8).…”

Section: Procesy Recyklingu Akumulatorów Litowo-jonowychunclassified

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Przegląd technologii recyklingu zużytych akumulatorówlitowo-jonowych

2017

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“…Various techniques for recycling spent LIBs have been suggested in several papers [8][9][10]. Above all, the hydrometallurgical process is the most well-established technology for recycling valuable metals from LIBs and has many benefits, such as the complete recovery of metals with high purity, low energy consumption, and low gas emission [11][12][13]. Metal species of spent LIBs are typically leached by HCl, HNO 3 , or H 2 SO 4 , with hydrogen peroxide used as a reducing agent in many cases [14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

Kang

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2017

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LiNi x Co y Mn z (NCM), one of the most promising candidates for high-capacity cathode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), is synthesized with various amounts of Sn. Sn-incorporated NCM from the resynthesis of NMC in leach liquor containing Sn from spent LIBs is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, particle strength tests, and electrochemical tests. Sn-incorporated NCM has a globular form, and the uniform distribution of Sn inside cathode materials is confirmed. As Sn is introduced, the (003) diffraction peak tends to shift to a smaller angle and particle breaking strength increases. It is found that Sn-incorporated cathode active materials have better cycle performance and rate capability than pristine cathode active material although the discharge capacity slightly decreases. Because there is a trade-off between decreased discharge capacity and improved cycling and rate performance, the incorporation of Sn in resynthesized NCM should be carefully designed and conducted.

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Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by ammoniacal leaching

Cited by 281 publications

References 36 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Przegląd technologii recyklingu zużytych akumulatorówlitowo-jonowych

The Effects of Incorporated Sn in Resynthesized Ni-Rich Cathode Materials on Their Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

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