Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: Selective ammonia leaching of valuable metals and simultaneous synthesis of high-purity manganese carbonate

Chao, Wang; Wang, Shubin; Yan, Feng; Zhang, Zhen; Shen, Xuehua; Zhang, Zuotai

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.008

Cited by 67 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the hydrometallurgical methods often suffer from redundant procedures due to the need for the separation of each metal ion, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, or solvent extraction, which require further improvement. Although some novel leaching agents, such as green eutectic solvents, organic acids, − sodium metabisulphite, and ammonium solution, , have been widely reported, it is still inevitable for these processes to be involved in the multistep of separation and purification to recover the high-purity lithium and metal salts. In addition, the traditional hydrometallurgical routes reclaim lithium in the last step, resulting in a low recovery efficiency of lithium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Selective Extraction of Lithium

Shen

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has risen dramatically over the years. However, many of the essential component elements in cathodes, such as cobalt and lithium, are both costly with limited resources. Therefore, the recycling of spent LIB cathodes is of great significance to conserving resources and the environment. In this work, we reported a novel metal-based strategy to selectively leach lithium from different types of cathodes (NCM, LCO, and LMO) by Co2+ or Mn2+, which can realize over 95% lithium leaching rates without other metal ions, such as Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+, left in the leachate, and the residual transition metal oxides can be used as cathode precursors. Taking the spent LiCoO2 as an example, the regenerated LiCoO2 particles show decent electrochemical performance, i.e., a reversible discharge capacity of 137.9–162.5 mAh/g upon being charged to 4.2–4.4 V with excellent rate performance and cycling stability at 4.2 V. It is a facile, closed-loop, and scalable process for recycling spent LIB cathodes based on the preferentially selective extraction of lithium, which offers a novel strategy for recycling compositional Li-ion cathode materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Selective Extraction of Lithium

Shen

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…In some previous studies, ammonium leaching has also been applied as a metal leaching method. 61,62 Therefore, thermodynamic calculations were also performed to investigate suitable precipitating conditions and the results are given in Fig. 5a Then its concentration decreases with further increase in the basicity of the solution.…”

Section: Of Nhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric potential-determined redox intermediates for effective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Hua

Zhao

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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“…Normally, ammonia-based compounds such as NH 3 •H 2 O, [78,79] NH 4 Cl, [80] and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 [81] are used as leaching agents and sulfites as the reducing agents. (NH₄)₂SO 3 [81] and Na₂SO 3 [82,83] were chosen to leach the LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 . Under appropriate conditions 95.3% of Li, 89.8% of Ni, and 80.7% of Co were leached, respectively.…”

Section: Leaching Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wu¹,

Xu²

2022

MatLab

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the advanced power batteries with comprehensive performance, have widely used in electric vehicles (EVs), military equipment, aerospace, consumer electronics, and other fields. With the surge in demand for LIBs, the number of spent LIBs has increased rapidly. However, if the spent LIBs just are simply landfilled, the hazardous components contained in them such as heavy metals and organic electrolytes will pollute the environment, and ultimately threaten human health. In addition, some valuable components will be wasted by landfill, especially high-value metal elements contained in cathode. Thus, the recycling of spent LIBs is a “two birds with one stone” strategy which is not only beneficial to environmental protection but also has high economic value. Accordingly, great efforts have been made to develop efficient and cost-effective recycling processes for spent LIBs recovery. In line with the recycling process, this review first presents a series of pretreatment progresses (disassembling, inactivation, dismantling, and separation) and discusses the problems and challenges involved (automation, environmental protection, and cost, etc.). Second, we summarize and discuss the current recovery and regeneration technologies for cathode materials, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry. In addition, advances in the recovery of anode and electrolyte are also introduced. Finally, based on the current state of recycling, we cautiously make some suggestions and prospects for the future recycling of spent LIBs, with a view to providing more ideas for the recycling of used LIBs.

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Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: Selective ammonia leaching of valuable metals and simultaneous synthesis of high-purity manganese carbonate

Cited by 67 publications

References 51 publications

Recycling Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Selective Extraction of Lithium

Recycling Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Selective Extraction of Lithium

Electric potential-determined redox intermediates for effective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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