Electric potential-determined redox intermediates for effective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by hydrometallurgy faces a major problem of consuming an excessive amount of acid and requiring different redox additives for effective metal leaching. Reducing chemical...

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

“…The first step in the reaction between Fe 3+ and LFP to release Fe 2+ progresses rapidly, and thus the slower reaction between Fe 2+ and NCM is a rate-controlled process. 143 Using an electro-oxidation strategy, Li was selectively leached into the Na 2 CO 3 solution under an applied electric field to achieve the highly selective leaching of Li + and in situ modification of de-lithiation material. 144 The salt solution-based leaching process has the potential to achieve high efficiency and selectivity, which is beneficial for the protection of the environment.…”

NaOH-Assisted Roasting for Corecovery of Spent LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 Batteries

“…15 Hydrometallurgy leaches the spent cathode material using organic and inorganic acids and then extracts the metals from solution by chemical methods. 16,17 It has been applied to industrial recycling of spent LIBs due to the high recovery efficiency and purity of products. 18,19 Attributed to the stable structure of the LIB cathode material, this process requires the consumption of acid larger than stoichiometric ratios, which significantly increases the cost and poses issues such as secondary pollution.…”

“…The quality of the repaired ground cathode material varies, which affects the subsequent industrial application . Hydrometallurgy leaches the spent cathode material using organic and inorganic acids and then extracts the metals from solution by chemical methods. , It has been applied to industrial recycling of spent LIBs due to the high recovery efficiency and purity of products. , Attributed to the stable structure of the LIB cathode material, this process requires the consumption of acid larger than stoichiometric ratios, which significantly increases the cost and poses issues such as secondary pollution. , Pyrometallurgy, which breaks the chemical bonds in spent LIB material by a high-temperature chemical process, has also been industrially applied with simple operation and large processing capacity. , Nevertheless, high temperatures lead to high energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the metal recovery rate and product purity are lower by this method. , Hence, how to reduce the pyrometallurgical temperature and how to increase the metal leaching efficiency are the key concerns.…”

Recyclable and Reusable Fe3O4@Polydopamine for Valuable Metal Recovery from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Besides H 2 O 2 , inorganic reductants − include bisulfate, sodium sulfate, and divalent iron, while organic reductants, − such as glucose, ascorbic acid, and ethanol, are frequently utilized in the leaching process and can significantly increase leaching efficiencies. However, the introduction of reductants would not only increase costs but also make subsequent processing more complicated and difficult . Thus, the discovery of a leaching agent composed of a mild organic acid and a reusable, recyclable reductant for recovering valuable metals was quite significant.…”

“…However, the introduction of reductants would not only increase costs but also make subsequent processing more complicated and difficult. 34 Thus, the discovery of a leaching agent composed of a mild organic acid and a reusable, recyclable reductant for recovering valuable metals was quite significant. Due to their distinctive physiochemical characteristics, phenolic compounds, a vast family of naturally occurring molecules found in a variety of organisms, have attracted a great deal of attention.…”