Recycling of Rubbers

Isayev, A. I.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394584-6.00020-0

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…Approximately 2.0 ± 0.1 g of sample were immersed in 200 mL of xylene for 24 h, at room temperature, to reach equilibrium swelling. The crosslink density was calculated according to the Flory-Rehner equation (2) where v e (mol/cm 3 ) is the crosslink density, v r is the rubber volume fraction in equilibrium in the gel, V 1 is the solvent molar volume (cm 3 /mol) and χ is a rubbersolvent interaction constant (Flory-Huggins constant). The volume fraction of rubber in equilibrium (V r ) can be found by Equation 3, according to ASTM D6814.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These processes are rarely finding sufficient results to compete with the methods of re-use as co-processing, granulation and rolling, which in turn does not reutilize much of the energy potential in NR from tires 2,3 . Among the main devulcanization methods currently searched, highlights processing by ultrasound 4,5 , microwave 6,7 , chemical method 8 , biological treatment 9 and thermomechanical 10,11 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Devulcanization of Natural Rubber in Composites with Distinct Crosslink Densities by Twin-Screw Extruder

2017

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In this study, the effects of the devulcanization process realized by an intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder (ICTSE) on three vulcanized Natural Rubber (NR) composites with different crosslink densities (CD) have been investigated. The extrusion parameters were fixed, as well as the initial material granulometry and auxiliary thermoplastic added to the process. After composites vulcanization, they were characterized accordingly their soluble fraction (SF), crosslink density (CD), mechanical properties and thermogravimetry (TGA). The extrusion was performed on the vulcanized elastomers pursuing selectively crosslink rupture and the same characterization previously cited was conducted on the devulcanized material, except the mechanical properties analysis. The extrusion demonstrate effective devulcanization, evidenced in the increasing of soluble fractions, reduction in crosslink density and thermal stability gain. These results are directly affected by preliminary differences on materials structure and presence of ethylene vinyl-acetate (EVA) on extrusion.

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Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Devulcanization of Natural Rubber in Composites with Distinct Crosslink Densities by Twin-Screw Extruder

2017

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“…Table 2.4 gives an overview of rubber reclaiming and devulcanization processes. The complete details of different reclaiming and devulcanization processes have been heavily reviewed in the literature , Isayev, 2011, Myhre et al, 2012. It is noteworthy that the scission of main chain and crosslink bonds happens only on the surface, leaving the core to retain in three dimensional structure.…”

Section: -Sx -C 251mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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“…Therefore, their wastes represent a large potential source of raw material for the rubber recycling industries [1,2]. Nowadays, the recycling of WTR is relatively in low scale applications because of the stringent requirements for quality of rubber products [3]. Therefore, the use of waste rubber is usually for secondary raw materials such as for conventional composite where the quality is not the main requirement of the resulted products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological properties of a reclaimed waste tire rubber through high-pressure high-temperature sintering

Ubaidillah

Yunus

Aziz

et al. 2017

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Recycling of Rubbers

Cited by 38 publications

References 217 publications

Devulcanization of Natural Rubber in Composites with Distinct Crosslink Densities by Twin-Screw Extruder

Devulcanization of Natural Rubber in Composites with Distinct Crosslink Densities by Twin-Screw Extruder

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Rheological properties of a reclaimed waste tire rubber through high-pressure high-temperature sintering

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