Recycling of marine elements transported into freshwater systems by anadromous salmon

Mathisen, Ole A.; Parker, Patrick L.; Goering, John J.; Kline, Thomas C.; Poe, Patrick H.; Scalan, R.S.

doi:10.1080/03680770.1987.11899884

Cited by 43 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The marine-derived nutrients and energy in salmon tissue enhances freshwater productivity (Wipfli et al 1999) and is also utilized by riparian plants and animals (Bilby et al 1996;Ben-David et al 1998). Thus, partial consumption of salmon affects the energy and nutrients available to both the aquatic and terrestrial foodwebs (Mathisen et al 1988;Cederholm et al 1989;Willson and Halupka 1995;Bilby et al 1996Bilby et al , 1998Willson et al 1998;Wipfli et al 1998). We present data that are a first step in quantifying the relationship between salmon density and salmon consumption, yet more data are needed on the time required to catch and process salmon, the energetic content of the fish, and the densities of bears using salmon streams.…”

Section: Salmon Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon

2001

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Consumption choice by brown (Ursus arctos) and black bears (U. americanus) feeding on salmon was recorded for over 20,000 bear-killed fish from 1994 to 1999 in Bristol Bay (sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka) and southeastern Alaska (pink, O. gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta). These data revealed striking patterns of partial and selective consumption that varied with relative availability and attributes of the fish. As the availability of salmon decreased, bears consumed a larger proportion of each fish among both years and habitats. When availability was high (absolute number and density of salmon), bears consumed less biomass per captured fish, targeting energy-rich fish (those that had not spawned) or energy-rich body parts (eggs in females; brain in males). In contrast, individual fish were consumed to a much greater extent, regardless of sex or spawning status, in habitats or years of low salmon availability. The proportion of biomass consumed per fish was similar for males and females, when spawning status was statistically controlled, but bears targeted different body parts: the body flesh, brain and dorsal hump in males and the roe in females. Bears thus appeared to maximize energy intake by modifying the amount and body parts consumed, based on availability and attributes of spawning salmon.

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Section: Salmon Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon

2001

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“…This and other studies suggest that spawners may elevate stream productivity through stimulating lower trophic levels that support juvenile salmon and other fishes (Bilby et al 1996;Wipfli et al 1998). More spawners translate into higher nutrient loads and more energy-rich detritus (Mathisen et al 1988) for scavengers and detritivores, in turn potentially providing more prey for fish. The large and rapid increase in biofilm and invertebrate abundance in this study shows that additional nutrients supported more benthos.…”

Section: Ecological Considerations and Management Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several pathways by which MDN can influence freshwater and riparian food webs. The death and decomposition of salmon after spawning increases freshwater nutrient levels (Mathisen et al 1988;Schuldt and Hershey 1995); increased productivity associated with this enhanced nutrient supply can influence food webs (Kline et al 1990;Wipfli et al 1998). Also, direct material transfer occurs through ingestion of salmon tissue and eggs by invertebrates and fishes including juvenile salmon (Kline et al 1997;Bilby et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Southeast Alaska is a major Pacific salmon producer (Wertheimer 1997) and contains over 5200 anadromous salmon streams totaling 40 000 km in length (Halupka et al 1999). Salmon have great potential to subsidize multiple trophic levels in these systems because (i) they are nutrient rich (Mathisen et al 1988), (ii) they contain desirable stoichiometry (Hesson 1997), (iii) their runs often span much of the year and achieve high numbers (Groot and Margolis 1991), (iv) they can decompose slowly (from weeks to months) (Kline et al 1997;Wipfli et al 1998) metering nutrient release over time (Parmenter and Lamarra 1991), and (v) they are consumed by many invertebrates and vertebrates in both freshwater and riparian food webs (Cederholm et al 1989;Bilby et al 1996;Wipfli et al 1998). There are several pathways by which MDN can influence freshwater and riparian food webs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, millions of salmon return to their natal habitats every year to spawn and die (Wertheimer 1997), bringing with them thousands of tons of marine-derived nutrients (MDN) to freshwater (Mathisen et al 1988). Southeast Alaska is a major Pacific salmon producer (Wertheimer 1997) and contains over 5200 anadromous salmon streams totaling 40 000 km in length (Halupka et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productivity in Southeast Alaska

Wipfli¹,

Hudson²,

Chaloner³

et al. 1999

Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques

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Abstract:We conducted this study to determine the relationship between salmon spawner abundance and stream biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance in Southeast Alaska. Experiments took place in outdoor artificial and natural streams. Six pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) carcass treatments (0.00, 1.45, 2.90, 4.35, 5.80, and 7.25 kg wet mass) placed in artificial channels were subsampled repeatedly for biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll a, and macroinvertebrates. In a small (nonanadromous) forest stream, we sampled benthos throughout a 66-m reach 17 days after distributing 60 carcasses along the lower half of that reach. All response variables significantly increased in response to carcass additions in both artificial and natural streams. Chlorophyll a continued to increase across all loading rates, while AFDM and total macroinvertebrate densities showed no further response to loading beyond the first treatment (1.45 kg) in artificial streams. In the natural stream, AFDM and chironomid densities continued increasing across loading levels. These results indicated that increased spawner densities increased lower trophic level abundance until a trophic capacity was reached. Salmon escapement goals should consider food web effects, especially on trophic levels that support juvenile salmonids, that ultimately affect freshwater salmon production.Résumé : Nous avons entrepris cette étude pour déterminer la relation entre, d'une part, l'abondance des saumons reproducteurs et, d'autre part, l'abondance des films biologiques fluviaux et des macroinvertébrés dans le sud-est de l'Alaska. Les expériences ont été effectuées à l'extérieur dans des canaux artificiels et un cours d'eau naturel. On a procédé à cinq traitements consistant en l'introduction de carcasses de saumon rose (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) (1,45, 2,90, 4,35, 5,80, et 7,25 kg poids humide) avec témoin (0,00 kg) dans des canaux artificiels; on y a prélevé à plusiers reprises des sous-échantillons pour mesurer la masse à sec sans cendre des films biologiques ainsi que la chlorophylle a et les macroinvertébrés. Dans un petit cours d'eau forestier non fréquenté par des saumons anadromes, nous avons échantillonné le benthos d'un tronçon de 66 m 17 jours après avoir distribué 60 carcasses dans la moitié inférieure de ce tronçon. Toutes les variables mesurées se sont significativement accrues en réponse aux introductions de carcasses tant dans les canaux artificiels que dans le cours d'eau naturel. La quantité de chlorophylle a n'a pas cessé de s'accroître d'un traitement à l'autre, tandis que la masse à sec sans cendre des films biologiques et les densités de macroinvertébrés ont plafonné dès le premier traitement (1,45 kg) dans les canaux artificiels. Dans le cours d'eau naturel, la masse à sec sans cendre des films biologiques et les densités des chironomides n'ont cessé de s'accroître d'un traitement à l'autre. Ces résultats ont indiqué que l'accroissement des densités de reproducteurs a eu pour effet d'accroître l'abondance des organismes des ...

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Influence of Maternally‐Transferred Nitrogen and Carbon on Stable Isotope Ratios in Juvenile Chinook Salmon

Fraley

McHugh

McIntosh

2019

N American J Fish Manag

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In freshwater fishes, the nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes ratios in tissues commonly reflect the environment in which a fish is feeding, assimilated through its diet. For many species, small‐bodied or younger individuals generally feed lower in the food chain, while large‐bodied mature individuals feed at higher trophic levels. This is reflected in the stable isotope (SI) ratios within fish tissue, with large‐bodied fish typically exhibiting more enriched isotope signatures. However, an inverse relationship has been seen in recently‐hatched, premigratory juvenile fishes of anadromous maternal stock. This has been documented previously in some salmonids, and it is due to the maternal contribution of marine‐derived nitrogen to juvenile fish, which fades with isotopic turnover as they grow and assimilate energy from freshwater food webs. However, this phenomenon has not been previously documented for wild Pacific salmonids, as we present here. We found that the isotope ratios of premigratory juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were elevated at posthatch, declined with increased body size, and converged with those of sympatric freshwater resident Brown Trout at 3.39 g body mass or 79 mm TL (at approximately 48–84 d posthatch). Given our findings, researchers should account for the lingering maternal isotopic enrichment of premigratory juvenile salmon to avoid introducing bias into SI‐based freshwater food web studies. Additionally, the maternal life history (sea‐run or resident) for the progeny of partially anadromous Pacific salmonids can likely be classified by examining SI information, which is supported by our results and by previous research on other anadromous salmonids. Therefore, SI analysis could be a useful tool for characterizing the relative contribution of anadromous females in partially migratory populations of other Pacific salmonids (e.g., steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss) to help with the management and conservation of these sensitive fish species.

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Recycling of marine elements transported into freshwater systems by anadromous salmon

Cited by 43 publications

References 4 publications

Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon

Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon

Influence of salmon spawner densities on stream productivity in Southeast Alaska

Influence of Maternally‐Transferred Nitrogen and Carbon on Stable Isotope Ratios in Juvenile Chinook Salmon

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