Recycling of carbon fiber reinforced composite waste to close their life cycle in a cradle-to-cradle approach

Giorgini, Loris; Benelli, Tiziana; Brancolini, Gianluca; Mazzocchetti, Laura

doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100368

Cited by 55 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The increasing utilization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPC), especially thermosetting polymers, has raised environmental and economic awareness for the need to recycle the composites [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. To this end, employment of polyolefins for fabrication of advanced and recyclable carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTCs) possessing high solvent/environmental resistance, high modulus, strength, and toughness, can relieve the economic, environmental, and political pressure [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Lightweight CFRTCs already demonstrate great potential for automobile, aerospace, defense sectors, civil infrastructures, sport/leisure goods, and energy sector [1,5,6,12,[20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

et al. 2021

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Porous carbon films were generated by thermal treatment of polymer films made from poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)/polyethylene terephthalate (PAN/PET) blend. The precursor films were fabricated by a dip-coating process using PAN/PET solutions in hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). A two-step process, including stabilization and carbonization, was employed to produce the carbon films. PET functioned as a pore former. Specifically, porous carbon films with thicknesses from 0.38–1.83 μm and pore diameters between 0.1–10 μm were obtained. The higher concentrations of PET in the PAN/PET mixture and the higher withdrawal speed during dip-coating caused the formation of larger pores. The thickness of the carbon films can be regulated using the withdrawal speed used in the dip-coating deposition. We determined that the deposition of the porous carbon film on graphite substrate significantly increases the value of the interfacial shear strength between graphite plates and thermoplastic PP. This study has shown the feasibility of fabrication of 3D porous carbon structure on the surface of carbon materials for increasing the interfacial strength. We expect that this approach can be employed for the fabrication of high-performance carbon fiber-thermoplastic composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

et al. 2021

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“…While the need to go sustainable in practically all fields has recently been getting more and more attention, in the latest years this aim extends also to finding next generation feedstocks from non-food competitive resources, such as waste or low added-value supplies. Given their widespread use, thermosetting epoxy resins represent a great opportunity to develop environmentally sustainable products, and although many bio-based feedstocks for the production of the epoxy precursors are already available [8][9][10][11], such as vegetable oils and dicarboxylic acids, it is essential in the future that all components of the formulation could be obtained from renewable resources [12][13][14]. In literature, various examples of bio-based epoxy resins obtained from a wide range of sources, such as catechin [15,16], cardanol [17], and lignin [11,18], can be found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Novel Bio-Based Amino Curing Agent Systems for Epoxy Resins: Effect of Tryptophan and Guanine

et al. 2020

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In order to obtain an environmentally friendly epoxy system, L-tryptophan and guanine were investigated as novel green curing agents for the cross-link of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) as a generic epoxy resin model of synthetic and analogous bio-based precursors. In particular, L-tryptophan, which displays high reaction temperature with DGEBA, was used in combination with various bio-based molecules such as urea, theobromine, theophylline, and melamine in order to increase the thermal properties of the epoxy resin and to reduce the crosslinking reaction temperature. Later, in order to obtain similar properties using a single product, guanine, a totally heterocyclic molecule displaying amine functional groups, was tested as hardener for DGEBA. The thermal behavior of the precursor mixtures was evaluated by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) leading to a preliminary screening of different hardening systems which offered a number of interesting hints in terms of bio-based compounds able to provide high Tg resins. These encouraging results pave the way for a further study of a new class of renewable, low-toxic, and sustainable curing agent systems for the production of fully bio-based epoxy resins.

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“…Indeed, beside their significant cost, they are fully fossil-based materials and, in particular, when carbon fibers (CFs) are used as reinforcement, the processing is extremely highly energy-requiring, making CFs, and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), in general, far from sustainable [ 2 , 3 ]. Additionally, their end-of-life disposal poses some serious issue, since the composite structure, which is based on an intimate contact of different phases, is practically impossible to easily reverse [ 4 , 5 ]. As a result, in the last few years, there has been an increasingly renewed interest in sustainable composite materials that are environmentally safe and have high performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While their average performance can be acceptable for standard applications, which simply pursues light-weighting as goal, when a composite needs to withstand a relevant mechanical performance, such as in primary load bearing structures, the use of natural fibers is still not enough to match the target [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. In the latter case, the performance of glass or carbon fibers is required and a viable approach for making the composite more sustainable is the use of recycled fibers [ 4 , 43 ]. A particularly positive approach for recycling CF from CFRP (end-of-life wastes or production scraps) is the pyrolysis, a thermochemical process able to reach already industrial application, even if in a still limited dimension.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A particularly positive approach for recycling CF from CFRP (end-of-life wastes or production scraps) is the pyrolysis, a thermochemical process able to reach already industrial application, even if in a still limited dimension. Pyrolysis is indeed a flexible and reliable process able to treat different complex substrates and recover the reinforcing fraction, irrespective of its shape a material [ 4 , 30 , 32 , 44 ]. This technique is not suitable for recovering natural fibers, but when optimized is able to give back both glass and carbon fibers [ 30 , 32 , 44 ], with the latter reinforcement that is proved to keep 85–90% of the original CF mechanical properties [ 4 , 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adenine as Epoxy Resin Hardener for Sustainable Composites Production with Recycled Carbon Fibers and Cellulosic Fibers

et al. 2020

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In this work, Adenine is proposed, for the first time, as a cross-linker for epoxy resins. Adenine is an amino-substituted purine with heterocyclic aromatic structure showing both proton donors, and hydrogen bonding ability. DSC studies show that adenine is able to positively cross-link a biobased DGEBA-like commercial epoxy precursor with good thermal performance and a reaction mechanism based on a 1H NMR investigation has been proposed. The use of such a formulation to produce composite with recycled short carbon fibers (and virgin ones for the sake of comparison), as well as jute and linen natural fibers as sustainable reinforcements, leads to materials with high compaction and fiber content. The curing cycle was optimized for both carbon fiber and natural fiber reinforced materials, with the aim to achieve the better final properties. All composites produced display good thermal and mechanical properties with glass transition in the range of HT resins (Tg > 150 °C, E’ =26 GPa) for the carbon fiber-based composites. The natural fiber-based composites display slightly lower performance that is nonetheless good compared with standard composite performance (Tg about 115–120 °C, E’ = 7–9 GPa). The present results thus pave the way to the application of adenine as hardener system for composites production.

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Recycling of carbon fiber reinforced composite waste to close their life cycle in a cradle-to-cradle approach

Cited by 55 publications

References 70 publications

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

Fabrication of Porous Carbon Films and Their Impact on Carbon/Polypropylene Interfacial Bonding

Evaluation of Novel Bio-Based Amino Curing Agent Systems for Epoxy Resins: Effect of Tryptophan and Guanine

Adenine as Epoxy Resin Hardener for Sustainable Composites Production with Recycled Carbon Fibers and Cellulosic Fibers

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