Evaluation of Novel Bio-Based Amino Curing Agent Systems for Epoxy Resins: Effect of Tryptophan and Guanine

Merighi, Stefano; Mazzocchetti, Laura; Benelli, Tiziana; Giorgini, Loris

doi:10.3390/pr9010042

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The

of Argopox-1 and Argopox-2.5 are comparable to the glass transition temperatures of DGEBA cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Still, the

of DGEBA cured with dicyandiamide is considerably higher at around 140 °C [ 22 , 28 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Previous investigations on the potential of amino acids as bio-based curing agents focused mainly on the reaction kinetics and glass transition temperature

of petroleum-based epoxy resins cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Here, the

of l -tryptophan cured DGEBA ranges from 66 °C to 101 °C if ureas were used as accelerator [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations on the potential of amino acids as bio-based curing agents focused mainly on the reaction kinetics and glass transition temperature

of petroleum-based epoxy resins cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Here, the

of l -tryptophan cured DGEBA ranges from 66 °C to 101 °C if ureas were used as accelerator [ 13 , 14 ]. In other investigations, the reaction between l -tryptophan and DGEBA was accelerated by imidazoles which resulted in glass transition temperatures of 84 °C to 104 °C [ 11 , 13 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

l-Arginine as a Bio-Based Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Glass Transition Temperature, Rheology and Latency

Rothenhäusler

Ruckdäschel

2022

Polymers

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The need for sustainable practices in the processing chain of fiber-reinforced thermosets has led to the development of bio-based epoxy resins and curing agents. As a contribution to sustainable composites, this study focuses on the glass transition temperature (Tg), viscosity and latency of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol a (DGEBA) cured with l-arginine in the presence of a urea-based accelerator. These characteristics are decisive features for application as a matrix in fiber-reinforced polymer composites produced via prepreg technology in which low viscosity and sufficient latency, meaning low reactivity of the one-component system, are necessary. The homogeneous mixture of amino acid and epoxy resin was prepared via three-roll milling. Two formulations, Argopox-1 with 1wt.% accelerator and Argopox-2.5 with 2.5wt.% accelerator, were prepared and parts of each formulation were stored at 22∘C and −18∘C, respectively. Both formulations were tested via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology (SAOS) after 0 day, 30 day, 60 day, 90 day and 180 day of storage to determine the influence of accelerator weight fraction, storage temperature and storage period on the glass transition temperature of the uncured resin system Tg0, and their viscosity. The Tg of the thermosets is about 100∘C. The DSC and SAOS measurements show that the Tg0 of Argopox-1 shifts about 5∘C in 60 day, while its viscosity is still low enough to be processed in a prepreg production line. Furthermore, Argopox-1 is storable for at least 180 day at −18∘C without significant changes in its Tg0 and viscosity. Consequently, Argopox-1 possesses a sufficiently high Tg and adequate latency, as well as a low viscosity for application as prepreg matrix material.

show abstract

“…The

of Argopox-1 and Argopox-2.5 are comparable to the glass transition temperatures of DGEBA cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Still, the

of DGEBA cured with dicyandiamide is considerably higher at around 140 °C [ 22 , 28 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Previous investigations on the potential of amino acids as bio-based curing agents focused mainly on the reaction kinetics and glass transition temperature

of petroleum-based epoxy resins cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Here, the

of l -tryptophan cured DGEBA ranges from 66 °C to 101 °C if ureas were used as accelerator [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations on the potential of amino acids as bio-based curing agents focused mainly on the reaction kinetics and glass transition temperature

of petroleum-based epoxy resins cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Here, the

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

l-Arginine as a Bio-Based Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Glass Transition Temperature, Rheology and Latency

Rothenhäusler

Ruckdäschel

2022

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous investigations on epoxy resins cured with amino acids focused mainly on the reaction kinetics and

of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) cured with l -tryptophan [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Rothenhäusler et al [ 17 ] investigated the

and viscosity of DGEBA cured with l -arginine (see Figure 2 ) as well as its latency at T = 22

and T =

.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

l-Arginine as Bio-Based Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Temperature-Dependence of Mechanical Properties

Rothenhäusler

Ruckdäschel

2022

Polymers

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The precise characterization of new bio-based thermosets is imperative for the correct assessment of their potential as matrix material in fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Therefore, the mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol a (DGEBA) cured with l-arginine were investigated to determine whether the bio-based thermoset possesses the required mechanical properties for application as a matrix material. The cured thermoset is called Argopox. The mixture of amino acid and epoxy resin was prepared via three-roll milling and cured in the presence of an urea-based accelerator. The tensile, compression, flexural and toughness properties of Argopox were characterized at T=−40 ∘C, 22 ∘C and 80 ∘C to determine the temperature-dependence of the thermoset’s mechanical properties in its service temperature range. The glass transition temperature Tg was analyzed via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and is approximately 119 ∘C. The tensile, compression and flexural strength at 22 ∘C are about 56 MPa, 98 MPa and 85 MPa, respectively. The critical stress intensity factor KIC and fracture energy GIC at 22 ∘C are roughly 1.1 MPam0.5 and 510 Jm−, respectively. Consequently, Argopox possesses mechanical properties that reach performance levels similar to that of materials which are already used as matrix for fiber reinforced composites.

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“…The black skeleton of a MFPR after burning seems to be the CNPs as it has the maximum C atoms with covalent bonds (Figure 10a,b). In MFPR, the melamine is used as an amino curing agent and epoxy resins are transparent, increasing tensile strength and flame retardant by curing 67,68 . The purpose of combusting a MFPR with burner has been to analyze a nature of a resultant flame which is emitted through MFPR containing

4 \times 3 = 12 O atoms

which participate in combustion (Figure 9).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of superadhesive melamine formaldehyde polyvinylpyrrolidone resins doped with metallic and graphene oxide nanoparticles for better industrial applications

Pan

Upadhyay

Singh

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Structure of melamine‐formaldehyde‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (MFP) polymer resin prepared with melamine, formaldehyde, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) at pH=7 was determined using FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Physicochemical properties and thermal stability were analyzed with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. 1H NMR spectra showed doublet at 3.13 and 3.17 ppm due to neighboring electron‐deficient nitrogen and electron density of bridged carbon atoms. The 13C NMR have infrared vinyl chain, melamine, and pyrrolidone peak for C=O, 48.72 ppm depicts C atom of −CH2 between O and C atoms. Peak at 17.50 ppm inferred terminal −CH3 of vinyl chain. FTIR stretching frequencies at 3426.38 and 2915.5 cm−1 vibrations depicted −N= (tertiary amine), and −CH2 group of −()CH2−CH2n vinyl chain of PVP, respectively. New band at 2350 cm−1 inferred –CH2 of formaldehyde attached with O atoms of PVP. MFP was doped with Fe3O4 (magnetic nanoparticles = MNPs), CaS (calcium sulfide), CaO, and graphene nanoparticles for reinforcement. Encapsulated Fe3O4–MFPR, CaS–MFPR, graphene oxide–MFPR are compared with MFPR alone. TGA inferred higher stability of Fe3O4–MFPR, CaS–MFPR.

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Evaluation of Novel Bio-Based Amino Curing Agent Systems for Epoxy Resins: Effect of Tryptophan and Guanine

Cited by 17 publications

References 25 publications

l-Arginine as a Bio-Based Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Glass Transition Temperature, Rheology and Latency

l-Arginine as a Bio-Based Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Glass Transition Temperature, Rheology and Latency

l-Arginine as Bio-Based Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Temperature-Dependence of Mechanical Properties

Synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of superadhesive melamine formaldehyde polyvinylpyrrolidone resins doped with metallic and graphene oxide nanoparticles for better industrial applications

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