Recyclable synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan‐based polysaccharide composite materials

Abstract

We have successfully developed a simple and totally recyclable method to synthesize novel, biocompatible and biodegradable composite materials from cellulose (CEL) and chitosan (CS). In this method, [BMIm+Cl−], an ionic liquid (IL), was used as a green solvent to dissolve and synthesize the [CEL+CS] composites. Since the IL can be removed from the composites by washing them with water, and recovered by distilling the washed solution, the method is totally recyclable. Spectroscopic and imaging techniques including XRD, FTIR, NIR and SEM were used to monitor the dissolution, to characterize and to confirm that CEL and CS were successfully regenerated. More importantly, we have successfully demonstrated that [CEL+CS] composite is particularly suited for many applications including antimicrobial property. This is because the composites have combined advantages of their components, namely superior chemical and mechanical stability (from CEL) and bactericide (from CS). Results of tensile strength measurements clearly indicate that adding CEL into CS substantially increase its tensile strength. Up to 5X increase in tensile strength can be achieved by adding 80% of CEL into CS. Results of in vitro antibacterial assays confirm that CS retains its antibacterial property in the composite. More importantly, the composites reported here can inhibit growth of wider range of bacteria than other CS-based materials prepared by conventional methods; i.e., over 24 hr period, the composites substantially inhibited growth of bacteria such as MRSA, VRE, S. aureus, E. coli. These are bacteria which are often found to have the highest morbidity and mortality associated with wound infections.

One-Pot Synthesis of Biocompatible Silver Nanoparticle Composites from Cellulose and Keratin: Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

“…29,33,34 The cultures were grown in a sterile NB medium overnight at 37 °C and 150 rpm. Composites of dimensions of 3 × 20 mm were prior to the assay thermally sterilized at 121 °C and 15 psi for 20 min.…”

“…29,33,34 Human fibroblasts (ATCC CRL-2522 or ATCC CCL-186) were grown in a sterile MEM or in a sterile DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillinstreptomycin according to ATCC guidelines. The inoculated culture was grown at 37 °C in a humified atmosphere of 5% CO2 until the third passage.…”

“…[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Spectroscopy [Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) 13 C NMR] results indicate that there was no chemical alteration in the structures of CEL and KER. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] While there may be some changes in the molecular weights of CEL and KER, by accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page. Vol 8, No.…”

“…31,35 The [CEL+KER] composites obtained were found to retain unique properties of their components, namely, superior mechanical strength from CEL and controlled release of drugs by KER. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The information presented clearly indicates that it is possible to use NPs from changing size and morphology as well as undergoing coagulation, they can, therefore, fully retain the unique property of the AgNPs for repeated use without any complication of the reducing activity and not fully recover after each use. With these two composites, we will be able to finally address the important question that, to date, still remains unanswered, namely, the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs due to either Ag + or Ag 0 or both, and if both forms are active, which NPs have higher activity.…”

Cellulose, Chitosan and Keratin Composite Materials: Facile and Recyclable Synthesis, Conformation and Properties

“…We have demonstrated recently that a simple ionic liquid, butylmethylimmidazolium chloride ([BMIm + Cl − ]), can dissolve both CEL and CS, and by use of this [BMIm + Cl − ] as the sole solvent, we developed a simple, GREEN and totally recyclable method to synthesize [CEL+CS] composites just by dissolution without using any chemical modifications or reactions. 12–14 The [CEL+CS] composite obtained was found to be not only biodegradable and biocompatible but also retain unique properties of its component. 12–14 Because [BMIm + Cl − ] can also dissolve KER, it may be possible to use this IL as the sole solvent to synthesize [CEL/CS+KER] composites in a single step.…”