“…In addition, they are prone to overinvest in R&D and M&A; yet firms led by these individuals experience lower profitability and operating cash flows (Ham et al, 2018). In general, a wide body of research shows that narcissistic CEOs are likely to engage in unethical conduct (e.g., Amernic & Craig, 2010;Blickle et al, 2006;Buchholz et al, 2020;Duchon & Drake, 2009;Harris et al, 2022;Rijsenbilt & Commandeur, 2013); they engage in accrual-based and real earnings management to achieve their goals (Buchholz et al, 2020;Capalbo et al, 2018;Ham et al, 2017;Olsen et al, 2014). Indeed, narcissistic executives are more likely to commit white-collar crime (Blickle et al, 2006).…”