Recreational physical activity and risk of prostate cancer: A prospective population‐based study in Norway (the HUNT study)

Abstract

Physical activity has been studied in relation to prostate cancer risk, but the findings have been inconclusive. We prospectively examined the association between self-reported recreational physical activity and overall risk of prostate cancer, risk of advanced disease and risk of prostate cancer death in a cohort of 29,110 Norwegian men. Incident prostate cancers were obtained from the Norwegian Cancer Registry, and prostate cancer deaths were obtained from the national Cause of Death Registry. During 17 years of follow-up, 957 incident cases were identified, 266 of them were advanced (i.e. metastases at diagnosis) and 354 of the incident cases died from prostate cancer. In multivariable analysis, frequency and duration of exercise were inversely associated with the risk of advanced prostate cancer (p for trend 5 0.04 and 0.02). We computed a summary score that combined frequency, duration and intensity of exercise, and this score showed inverse associations with advanced prostate cancer risk and mortality (p for trend 5 0.02 and 0.07). Compared to men who reported no activity, the relative risks (95% confidence intervals) among men in the highest category of physical exercise was 0.64 (0.43-0.95) for advanced prostate cancer and 0.67 (0.48-0.94) for prostate cancer death. We found no association between physical activity and overall risk of prostate cancer. We conclude that recreational physical exercise is associated with reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer and prostate cancer death. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

“…That physical activity is more strongly, inversely related to risk of advanced, high-grade or aggressive prostate cancer has, however, been indicated previously. 8,10,36 Our study supports this with regard to occupational activity.…”

“…Some studies have indicated that an apparent dose-response relationship could be caused by a threshold effect attributable to a higher risk among men who were completely or relatively inactive compared to rest of the population, 4,7,10,36 and to address this issue we evaluated the effect of participation in each of the 4 activities (active versus non-active in each activity) as well as the effect of participation in at least one of the 4 leisure time activities. Furthermore, a linear effect of the number of activities in which the participants were active was investigated.…”

Inhibitory effect of voluntary running wheel exercise on the growth of human pancreatic Panc-1 and prostate PC-3 xenograft tumors in immunodeficient mice

“…Further studies are needed to determine whether the exerciseinduced decrease in tissue fat plays a role in the exerciseinduced inhibition of Panc-1 and PC-3 tumor growth. In epidemiological studies, exercise was reported to be associated with a decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer (12,13,25). Additional studies are needed to determine whether exercise decreases the risk or growth of pancreatic cancer in humans.…”

“…Epidemiological studies on the relationship between physical activity and prostate cancer risk have been inconclusive (8)(9)(10)(11), but large population-based studies suggest that physical exercise is associated with a reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer and prostate cancer death (12,13). In additional studies, the serum from men who exercise inhibited the growth and increased apoptosis in prostate cancer LNCaP cells (14,15).…”

Cancer prevention, aerobic capacity, and physical functioning in survivors related to physical activity: a recent review

“…20,23 Nilsen and associates found an inverse relationship with a Norwegian cohort, and also reported that there was a significant decrease in advanced prostate cancer occurrence with higher levels of physical activity. 37 Although there are a few studies indicating an inverse relationship (ie, lower cancer risk associated with higher levels of activity), several recent studies found no association between physical activity and the prevention of prostate cancer. [38][39][40] According to Friedenreich and Orenstein, the physical activity relationship with prostate and endometrial cancers was only considered probable or possible.…”