Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Johnsen, Nina Føns; Tjønneland, Anne; Thomsen, Birthe Lykke; Christensen, Jane; Loft, Steffen; Friedenreich, Christine M.; Key, Timothy J.; Allen, Naomi E.; Lahmann, Petra H.; Mejlvig, Lotte; Overvad, Kim; Kaaks, Rudolf; Rohrmann, Sabine; Böing, H.; Misirli, Gesthimani; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Zylis, Dimosthenis; Tumino, Rosario; Pala, Valeria; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas; Kiemeney, Lambertus A.; Suárez, Laudina Rodríguez; González, Carlos; Sánchez, María José; Huerta, José María; Gurrea, Aurelio Barricarte; Manjer, Jonas; Wirfält, Elisabet; Khaw, Kay Tee; Wareham, Nick; Boffetta, Paolo; Egevad, Lars; Rinaldi, Sabina; Riboli, Elio

doi:10.1002/ijc.24326

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In accordance with that, Johnsen, et al [14] researched 22 cohort studies. Of these studies, nine showed a reverse association between the risk of prostate cancer and physical aptitude, occupational activity, and leisurely activities.…”

Section: Exercise and The Likely Associations With Prostate Cancersupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Johnsen, et al [14] describe that certain observational studies were conducted, which provide some initial hints regarding molecular mechanisms with which physical exercise may inhibit prostate cell cancer. It changes the IGF axis increasing the cellular levels of the P53 protein, a DNA regulator which protects the genome through activating the cellular cycle detention, cause DNA to be repaired and/or undergo apoptosis when there are mutations in the genome.…”

Section: The Benefits Of Physical Exercise For Patients In Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Untitled

2018

Int J Sports Exerc Med

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Section: Exercise and The Likely Associations With Prostate Cancersupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: The Benefits Of Physical Exercise For Patients In Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2018

Int J Sports Exerc Med

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“…We previously reported a significant association between high levels of vigorous activity and reduced risk of advanced PCa in men age 65 years or older, 7 and several recent cohort studies support an association of recreational or occupational activity with reduced risk of advanced and fatal disease. [19][20][21] Patel et al 19 reported a significant 31% reduction in risk of aggressive PCa among men engaged in more than 35 MET-h/wk of activity compared with men reporting no activity, whereas Johnson et al 21 reported no association for leisure time activity but a significant inverse association with advanced disease for manual occupational activity in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Levels of leisure activity were much higher in EPIC compared with our study, with half of the men having Ն 43 MET-hours of leisure activity per week, reducing the exposure contrast compared with our population.…”

Section: ‫ء‬mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Survival After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study

Kenfield

Stampfer

Giovannucci

et al. 2011

JCO

506

383

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A B S T R A C T PurposeTo determine whether higher physical activity after prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis decreases risk of overall and PCa-specific death. Patients and MethodsWe evaluated physical activity in relation to overall and PCa mortality among 2,705 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa observed from 1990 to 2008. Proportional hazards models were used to evaluate physical activity and time to overall and PCa-specific death. ResultsAmong men who lived at least 4 years after their postdiagnosis physical activity assessment, we documented 548 deaths, 20% of which were a result of PCa. In multivariable analysis, men who were physically active had lower risk of all-cause mortality (P trend Ͻ .001) and PCa mortality (P trend ϭ .04). Both nonvigorous activity and vigorous activity were associated with significantly lower overall mortality. Those who walked Ն 90 minutes per week at a normal to very brisk pace had a 46% lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.71) compared with shorter durations at an easy walking pace. Men with Ն 3 hours per week of vigorous activity had a 49% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.72). For PCa-specific mortality, brisk walking at longer durations was suggestively inverse but not statistically significant. Men with Ն 3 hours per week of vigorous activity had a 61% lower risk of PCa death (HR, 0.39, 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.84; P ϭ .03) compared with men with less than 1 hour per week of vigorous activity. Men exercising vigorously before and after diagnosis had the lowest risk. ConclusionIn men with PCa, physical activity was associated with lower overall mortality and PCa mortality. A modest amount of vigorous activity such as biking, tennis, jogging, or swimming for Ն 3 hours a week may substantially improve PCa-specific survival. J Clin

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“…The conflicting findings may result from alteration of the relationship of progesterone to mammary gland morphogenesis and function that occurs with full-term pregnancy, which may explain the protective effect of early age at first full-term pregnancy (45). In any case, however, breast mitotic activity is in fact highest during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, when progesterone levels are also highest.Just as there is considerable support for a role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, there is wide-ranging evidence, including prospective cohort investigations in breast (39), colorectal (38), endometrial (16), lung (58a), ovarian (40), and prostate cancer (26), that increased levels of physical activity are associated with a reduction in cancer risk, including breast cancer risk (33,35,60,65). The hypothesized mechanisms by which exercise reduces breast cancer risk are varied and complex, but evidence is accumulating that aerobic activity results in a negative energy balance (41) and lowers estrogen levels in both pre-and postmenopausal women (5,9,66).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Just as there is considerable support for a role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, there is wide-ranging evidence, including prospective cohort investigations in breast (39), colorectal (38), endometrial (16), lung (58a), ovarian (40), and prostate cancer (26), that increased levels of physical activity are associated with a reduction in cancer risk, including breast cancer risk (33,35,60,65). The hypothesized mechanisms by which exercise reduces breast cancer risk are varied and complex, but evidence is accumulating that aerobic activity results in a negative energy balance (41) and lowers estrogen levels in both pre-and postmenopausal women (5,9,66).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer

Kossman

Williams

Domchek

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Kossman DA, Williams NI, Domchek SM, Kurzer MS, Stopfer JE, Schmitz KH. Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. J Appl Physiol 111: 1687-1693, 2011. First published September 8, 2011 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2011.-Experimental and clinical data support a role for estrogens in the development and growth of breast cancer, and lowered estrogen exposure reduces breast cancer recurrence and new diagnoses in high-risk women. There is varied evidence that increased physical activity is associated with breast cancer risk reduction in both pre-and postmenopausal women, perhaps via lowered estrogen levels. The purpose of this study was to assess whether exercise intervention in premenopausal women at increased breast cancer risk reduces estrogen or progesterone levels. Seven healthy premenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer completed a seven-menstrual-cycle study. The study began with two preintervention cycles of baseline measurement of hormone levels via daily first-morning urine collection, allowing calculation of average area under the curve (AUC) hormone exposure across the menstrual cycle. Participants then began five cycles of exercise training to a maintenance level of 300 min per week at 80 -85% of maximal aerobic capacity. During the last two exercise cycles, urinary estradiol and progesterone levels were again measured daily. Total estrogen exposure declined by 18.9% and total progesterone exposure by 23.7%. The declines were mostly due to decreased luteal phase levels, although menstrual cycle and luteal phase lengths were unchanged. The study demonstrated the feasibility of daily urine samples and AUC measurement to assess hormone exposure in experimental studies of the impact of interventions on ovarian hormones. The results suggest value in exercise interventions to reduce hormone levels in high-risk women with few side effects and the potential for incremental benefits to surgical or pharmacologic interventions. menstrual cycle; BRCA1/2 mutation carriers EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL data support a role for estrogens in the development and growth of breast cancer, with the primary hypothesis being that estrogens interact with receptors in a manner that increases cell proliferation rates (7, 70). Lowering endogenous estrogen levels via bilateral oopherectomy or blocking estrogen effects with selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen and raloxifene reduce the rate of initial diagnoses among women at high risk of developing breast cancer (11,29,38,34,36,55). Early onset of menarche, late first full-term pregnancy, and late menopause, factors that increase lifetime estrogen exposure, have all been associated with higher rates of breast cancer. On the other hand, there is conflicting epidemiologic evidence of a link between premenopausal endogenous estrogens and breast cancer risk. Of seven studies identified, four observed a significant inverse association of endogenous estrogens with breast cancer risk in premenopausal w...

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Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Cited by 75 publications

References 43 publications

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Physical Activity and Survival After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study

Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer

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