Recovery of tigers in India: Critical introspection and potential lessons

Jhala, Y. V.; Gopal, Rajesh; Mathur, Vaibhav; Ghosh, Prodipto; Negi, Himmat Singh; Narain, Sunita; Yadav, Satya Prakash; Malik, Amit; Garawad, Rajendra; Qureshi, Qamar

doi:10.1002/pan3.10177

Cited by 71 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Hence, we selected these forest types to address our study hypotheses. Tiger reserves and many PAs in India are made up of a legally designated human-free core area and a buffer (MA) surrounding this core (Jhala et al 2021). In the buffer of a tiger reserve, local communities use the forests for their livelihoods that include agriculture, livestock grazing, collection of fuel wood and minor forest produce, but no timber-logging, polluting industries or mining are permitted (Narain et al, 2005).…”

Section: Materials S and Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of species richness and human impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests

2021

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1. The biotic resistance hypothesis suggests that biodiversity-rich areas should be resistant to biological invasions. Globally, conservationists use this hypothesis to protect diverse ecosystems. However, supporting data are often contradictory, possibly due to several confounding factors. Complexity in inferences increases in the tropics, which are sparsely studied.2. We hypothesize that human impacts, forest type and climate would modulate the relationship between native and invasive plant richness. To understand these interacting and varying effects of native richness and human disturbance on plant invasions, we sampled 354 grids of 25 km 2 with equal representation of protected areas (PAs) and multi-use areas (MAs) to record abundance of native and nonnative plants from 34 PAs across five forest types in tropical India. We used linear mixed effect models to investigate the occurrence and abundance of invasive plants with respect to varying native richness, human impacts, forest types and climate.3. Human use of forests increased the richness and abundance of invasive plants across all forest types. After accounting for human use, native species richness of tropical wet forests had a negative relationship with invasive plants richness and abundance, while the relationship reversed with increasing aridity and temperature. Human infrastructure facilitated invasions within PAs. Synthesis.The biotic resistance hypothesis explained a lower number of invasions within protected tropical wet forests but not within dry forests. Humanfree protected areas had lower richness and abundance of invasive plants across all systems, especially in wet tropical forests. Our results support the contextual importance of the biotic resistance hypothesis, while stressing the importance of protected areas, insulated from human impacts, to preserve the integrity of vulnerable natural systems.

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Section: Materials S and Me Thodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of species richness and human impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests

2021

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“…By 2020, there were an estimated 4981 tigers of five subspecies remaining in the wild across Asia (Jhala et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2018), though methods to estimate global or national populations may be unreliable (Gopalaswamy et al, 2019). Wild tiger populations have undergone massive declines for more than a century and occupy about 5% of their historic range (circa 1500) (Wolf & Ripple, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012)

Khanwilkar

Sosnowski

Guynup

2022

Conservat Sci and Prac

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Poaching and illegal trade are primary threats to tigers (Panthera tigris). Trade in tiger parts has been well documented in Asia. However, little is known about tiger parts entering the United States (US). We analyzed seizures of tiger parts trafficked through US ports of entry from 2003 to 2012 along with shipments that had been issued legal Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species import permits. We found 292 seizure incidents and 283 permitted imports over that 10-year period. The amount of tiger parts trafficked into the US illegally was larger than what has been previously reported. Most tiger parts entered the US legally and illegally for personal purposes; 81.8% of seized items were medicinal products. San Francisco, Dallas, and Atlanta were entry hotspots for illegal tiger imports which mainly entered the United States from China and Vietnam. Of the 65.8% of seized parts with a known origin, 99.5% originated from wild tigers. Since country of origin and source of many legally and illegally traded tiger parts was unknown, we recommend the use of forensic DNA analysis to address these knowledge gaps to focus conservation and enforcement efforts. Research should continue in the United States to adequately capture the global supply, demand, and trade of tiger parts.

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“…Historically, human-wildlife conflict has been an important issue ( Anand and Radhakrishna, 2017 ; Lamarque et al, 2009 ; Nyhus, 2016 ; Treves et al, 2006 ). The modification of natural habitat for human uses such as farming has led to a myriad of conflicts between humans and wildlife, such as predation of stock by wild predators ( Beattie et al, 2020 ; Hill, 2015 ; Manral et al, 2016 ; Messmer, 2000 ; Western et al ), destruction of crops by herbivores ( Kiffner et al, 2021 ; Mamo et al, 2021 ; Priston and Underdown, 2009 ; Siljander et al, 2020 ), attacks on humans ( Jhala et al, 2021 ; Tarrant et al, 2020 ; Western et al ), and introduction of zoonotic diseases ( Jacob et al, 2020 ; Jhala et al, 2021 ; Jones et al, 2013 ; Tarrant et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Human-wildlife Conflict Meets Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing the global snakebite crisis with geo-spatial analyses – Recent advances and future direction

et al. 2021

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Venomous snakebite is a neglected tropical disease that annually leads to hundreds of thousands of deaths or long-term physical and mental ailments across the developing world. Insufficient data on spatial variation in snakebite risk, incidence, human vulnerability, and accessibility of medical treatment contribute substantially to ineffective on-ground management. There is an urgent need to collect data, fill knowledge gaps and address on-ground management problems. The use of novel, and transdisciplinary approaches that take advantage of recent advances in spatio-temporal models, ‘big data’, high performance computing, and fine-scale spatial information can add value to snakebite management by strategically improving our understanding and mitigation capacity of snakebite. We review the background and recent advances on the topic of snakebite related geospatial analyses and suggest avenues for priority research that will have practical on-ground applications for snakebite management and mitigation. These include streamlined, targeted data collection on snake distributions, snakebites, envenomings, venom composition, health infrastructure, and antivenom accessibility along with fine-scale models of spatio-temporal variation in snakebite risk and incidence, intraspecific venom variation, and environmental change modifying human exposure. These measures could improve and ‘future-proof’ antivenom production methods, antivenom distribution and stockpiling systems, and human-wildlife conflict management practices, while simultaneously feeding into research on venom evolution, snake taxonomy, ecology, biogeography, and conservation.

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Recovery of tigers in India: Critical introspection and potential lessons

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 71 publications

References 35 publications

Role of species richness and human impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests

Role of species richness and human impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests

Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012)

Addressing the global snakebite crisis with geo-spatial analyses – Recent advances and future direction

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