Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids

Demarco, Jessica de Oliveira; Cadore, Jéssica Stefanello; Oliveira, Franciele da Silveira de; Tanabe, Eduardo Hiromitsu; Bertuol, Daniel Assumpção

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105169

Cited by 55 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The available literature review on the recycling of spent LIBs indicates that mechanical treatment, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biotreatment are the main routes for the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, with hydrometallurgy dominating compared to the other recycling techniques because it is a feasible technology for recovering valuable metals from waste LIBs. Organic acids are effective and environmentally friendly leaching agents and have been proven to play an important role in the recovery of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese [36]. Although they are weaker than inorganic acids, organic acids have been extensively studied for leaching active material, which contributes to avoiding the additional application of reducing or oxidizing agents, reducing the complexity of pregnant fluid management, and thus reducing energy loss.…”

Section: Effect Of Organic Acids In Leaching Of Black Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critical Evaluation of the Potential of Organic Acids for the Environmentally Friendly Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

2022

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The need to recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is undisputed. However, the environment and the climate are also affected by emissions from the recycling processes. Therefore, the call for environmentally friendly recycling methods is currently louder than ever. In the field of hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from spent LIBs, inorganic acids have so far proved to be an effective, but environmentally problematic, leaching agent, since the pollution of wastewater by high salt loads and the emission of toxic gases cannot be avoided. This has recently led to a trend towards the application of organic acids, as these have significantly more environmentally friendly properties. In order to continue this approach, and to improve it even further from an environmental point of view, this work focuses on the utilization of low leaching temperatures in combination with organic acids for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. This can drastically reduce the required energy demand. Furthermore, attention is paid to higher (50–100 g·L−1) solid-liquid ratios, which are indispensable, especially with regard to the economic establishment of the tested process. The experimental verification of the feasibility using citric, oxalic, and formic acid showed the possibility of an efficient recovery of cobalt, nickel, and lithium. In particular, citric acid in combination with hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent appears to be a suitable and environmentally friendly alternative to classical inorganic acids, even at low process temperatures, for the hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries.

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Section: Effect Of Organic Acids In Leaching Of Black Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In organic acids, temperature was found to have a significant effect on the leaching rate. In this study, the use of low temperatures also kept the energy input to the process low, further improving the process from an environmental standpoint [14,29,36].…”

Section: Effect Of Organic Acids In Leaching Of Black Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Evaluation of the Potential of Organic Acids for the Environmentally Friendly Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

2022

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“…The search for effective solutions that are more environmentally friendly has prompted scientists to identify alternatives in the field of chemical compounds used. As a result, leaching processes with the use of organic acids, which can be leaching and/or reducing agents, are also increasingly investigated [48][49][50]. It has been shown many times that with appropriate parameters of the leaching process, it is possible to effectively (even completely) separate valuable metals, especially lithium and cobalt.…”

Section: Possibilities Of Recycling Waste Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Necessity of Recycling of Waste Li-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles as Objects Posing a Threat to Human Health and the Environment

et al. 2021

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The automotive industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the modern economy. Growing customer expectations, implementing solutions related to electromobility, and increasingly stringent legal restrictions in the field of environmental protection, determine the development and introduction of innovative technologies in the field of car production. To power the most modern vehicles that include electric and hybrid cars, packages of various types of lithium-ion cells are used, the number of which is constantly growing. After use, these batteries, due to their complex chemical composition, constitute hazardous waste that is difficult to manage and must be recycled in modern technological lines. The article presents the morphological characteristics of the currently used types of Li-ion cells, and the threats to the safety of people and the environment that may occur in the event of improper use of Li-ion batteries and accumulators have been identified and described on the basis of the Regulation of the European Parliament and Council (EC) No. 1272/2008 of 16 December 2008 and No. 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 on the classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures and the registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH), establishing the European Chemicals Agency.

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“…A large amount of LIBs from both EVs and electronics are still being disposed of in landfills such as in the case of Australia whereby 98% of LIBs were disposed on to landfills in 2012 and 2013 and only a small remainder was collected for recycling ( King et al., 2018 ; King and Boxall, 2019 ). Taking into account the potentially damaging impact of LIBs and the abundance of valuable metals in them, LIB waste metal recovery is both environmentally and economically appealing ( Erüst et al., 2013 ; Golmohammadzadeh et al., 2017 ; de Oliveira Demarco et al., 2019 ; He et al., 2019 ; Roshanfar et al., 2019 ; Yao et al., 2020 ). There are some commercial operations that are being employed to recover metals from LIB waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%