Recovery of Lead from Spent Lead Paste by Pre-desulfurization and Low-Temperature Reduction Smelting

Xie, Boyi; Yang, Tianzu; Liu, Weifeng; Zhang, Duchao; Chen, Lin

doi:10.1007/s11837-020-04186-5

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As detailed below, Reaction (8) is thermodynamically strongly favored. Alternatively, Reaction (9) depicts the use of lead sulfide (PbS) as a reductant to convert lead dioxide to lead sulfate first, which is then converted to lead oxalate, as demonstrated by Reaction (5). Glucose is also suggested as a reductant for reduction of lead dioxide [35].…”

Section: Desulphurization In Oxalate-bearing Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Reaction (5), the stability fields of PbC2O4(cr) and PbSO4(cr) in the space of activities of sulfate in logarithmic units versus activities of oxalate in logarithmic units (i.e., log C O a − ) are constructed in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that there is a strong thermodynamic driving force for the conversion of PbSO4(cr) to PbC2O4(cr).…”

Section: Desulphurization In Oxalate-bearing Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lanarkite was also observed by other researchers [4]. The chemical components include lead sulfates (PbSO 4 and PbO•PbSO 4 ) (57.21 to 60.57 wt.%), lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) (5.66 to 26.70 wt.%), lead monoxide (PbO) (13.08 to 29.53 wt.%), and metallic lead (Pb) (1.24 to 4.5 wt.%) [5,6]. In spent lead-acid batteries, lead sulfates are primarily produced via the following reactions, Pb + SO 4…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of Lead Pastes from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries: Thermodynamic Constraints for Desulphurization

Xiong

2022

Recycling

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Lead–acid batteries are important to modern society because of their wide usage and low cost. The primary source for production of new lead–acid batteries is from recycling spent lead–acid batteries. In spent lead–acid batteries, lead is primarily present as lead pastes. In lead pastes, the dominant component is lead sulfate (PbSO4, mineral name anglesite) and lead oxide sulfate (PbO•PbSO4, mineral name lanarkite), which accounts for more than 60% of lead pastes. In the recycling process for lead–acid batteries, the desulphurization of lead sulfate is the key part to the overall process. In this work, the thermodynamic constraints for desulphurization via the hydrometallurgical route for recycling lead pastes are presented. The thermodynamic constraints are established according to the thermodynamic model that is applicable and important to recycling of lead pastes via hydrometallurgical routes in high ionic strength solutions that are expected to be in industrial processes. The thermodynamic database is based on the Pitzer equations for calculations of activity coefficients of aqueous species. The desulphurization of lead sulfates represented by PbSO4 can be achieved through the following routes. (1) conversion to lead oxalate in oxalate-bearing solutions; (2) conversion to lead monoxide in alkaline solutions; and (3) conversion to lead carbonate in carbonate solutions. Among the above three routes, the conversion to lead oxalate is environmentally friendly and has a strong thermodynamic driving force. Oxalate-bearing solutions such as oxalic acid and potassium oxalate solutions will provide high activities of oxalate that are many orders of magnitude higher than those required for conversion of anglesite or lanarkite to lead oxalate, in accordance with the thermodynamic model established for the oxalate system. An additional advantage of the oxalate conversion route is that no additional reductant is needed to reduce lead dioxide to lead oxide or lead sulfate, as there is a strong thermodynamic force to convert lead dioxide directly to lead oxalate. As lanarkite is an important sulfate-bearing phase in lead pastes, this study evaluates the solubility constant for lanarkite regarding the following reaction, based on the solubility data, PbO•PbSO4 + 2H+ ⇌ 2Pb2+ + SO42− + H2O(l).

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Section: Desulphurization In Oxalate-bearing Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Desulphurization In Oxalate-bearing Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of Lead Pastes from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries: Thermodynamic Constraints for Desulphurization

Xiong

2022

Recycling

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“…To decrease the reaction temperature and solve the problem of emission of SO x , the pre-desulfurization process was proposed, and the reaction temperatures in the literature are shown in Table S2. Xie et al combined the pre-desulfurization and low-temperature smelting processes to obtain 99.3% metallic lead using sodium hydroxide as the desulfurizer . Although the reaction temperature dropped significantly, still sulfur dioxide escaped due to the low desulfurization efficiency .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xie et al combined the predesulfurization and low-temperature smelting processes to obtain 99.3% metallic lead using sodium hydroxide as the desulfurizer. 17 Although the reaction temperature dropped significantly, still sulfur dioxide escaped due to the low desulfurization efficiency. 18 Comparatively, sufficient conversion of sulfur can be achieved using hydrometallurgical technologies with various aqueous systems, including chlorine salts, 19,20 alkaline solutions (sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and so on), 21−23 and organic acids.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Facile and Environmentally Friendly Approach for Lead Recovery from Lead Sulfate Residue via Mechanochemical Reduction: Phase Transformation and Reaction Mechanism

Che

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Lead sulfate residue (LSR) is an important secondary lead resource also categorized as a hazardous waste, which has gained great attention in clean and sustainable utilization technology due to the shortage of primary resources and environmental pollution. The current methods for LSR treatment involve a potential environmental risk including emission of SO x gas and generation of waste acids and alkali. Herein, an environmentally friendly method is proposed for treating LSR, by which lead was reduced under ambient conditions via mechanical ball milling using iron powder as the reductant. The phase transformation of lead was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing that the reduction time, rotation speed, mass ratio of ball to material (B/M), and iron powder dosage positively influenced the reduction of lead sulfate. The highest lead sulfate reduction efficiency of 99.9% was obtained under optimum conditions: rotation speed of 300 rpm, reduction time of 2 h, B/M of 15 g/g, and 1.5 times the theoretical dosage of iron powder. The generated ferrous sulfate was subsequently removed by water washing, and excess iron powder was separated by melting, accompanied by metallic lead produced with a high purity of 99.2%. This process is simple and environmentally friendly, showing good potential for industrial application.

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Using silkworm excrement and spent lead paste to prepare additives for improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries

Ali

et al. 2021

Journal of Energy Storage

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Recovery of Lead from Spent Lead Paste by Pre-desulfurization and Low-Temperature Reduction Smelting

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Recycling of Lead Pastes from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries: Thermodynamic Constraints for Desulphurization

Recycling of Lead Pastes from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries: Thermodynamic Constraints for Desulphurization

A Facile and Environmentally Friendly Approach for Lead Recovery from Lead Sulfate Residue via Mechanochemical Reduction: Phase Transformation and Reaction Mechanism

Using silkworm excrement and spent lead paste to prepare additives for improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries

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