Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant

Li, Li; Ge, Ji; Wu, Feng; Chen, Renjie; Chen, Shi; Wu, Borong

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.026

Cited by 478 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…c o m / l o c a t e / w a s m a n et al., 2008;Sun and Qiu, 2011) and the separation of Co and Li (Joulié et al, 2014;Provazi et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2009). Among these studies, leaching of Co and Li from LiCoO 2 powder using hydrometallurgical techniques had attracted wide attention, besides inorganic acids Jha et al, 2013), organic oxalate (Sun and Qiu, 2012), organic citric acid (Li et al, 2010a), succinic acid , oxalic acid (Zeng et al, 2015), tartaric acid and ascorbic acid (Nayaka et al, 2016) were used as leaching agents with satisfactory achievements. However, these acids could inevitably cause corrosion and liquor waste.…”

Section: Contents Lists Available At Sciencedirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

2016

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a b s t r a c tIn the current study, an environmental benign process namely mechanochemical approach was developed for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The main merit of the process was that neither corrosive acid nor strong oxidant was applied. In the proposed process, lithium cobalt oxide (obtained from spent LIBs) was firstly co-grinded with various additives in a hermetic ball milling system, then Co and Li could be easily recovered by a water leaching procedure. It was found that EDTA was the most suitable co-grinding reagent, and 98% of Co and 99% of Li were respectively recovered under optimum conditions: LiCoO 2 to EDTA mass ratio 1:4, milling time 4 h, rotary speed 600 r/min and ball-to-powder mass ratio 80:1, respectively. Mechanisms study implied that lone pair electrons provided by two nitrogen atoms and four hydroxyl oxygen atoms of EDTA could enter the empty orbit of Co and Li by solid-solid reaction, thus forming stable and water-soluble metal chelates Li-EDTA and Co-EDTA. Moreover, the separation of Co and Li could be achieved through a chemical precipitation approach. This study provides a high efficiency and environmentally friendly process for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs.

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Section: Contents Lists Available At Sciencedirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

2016

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“…However, acids used during the hydrometallurgical process pose serious threats to human health and to the environment. Organic acids provide a possible environmentally friendly alternative for the recovery of Co and Li from spent LIBs [9][10][11]. These mild reactants give satisfactory results, but consume large quantities of chemical reagents, thus increasing recycling cost [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t s• A co-treatment process for recovery of Co and Li and simultaneous detoxification of PVC in subcritical water was proposed.• PVC was used as a hydrochloric acid source.• More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were leached under the optimum conditions.• Neither corrosive acid nor reducing agent was used.• The co-treatment process has technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional recovery processes. a r t i c l e i n f o In this work, an effective and environmentally friendly process for the recovery of cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and simultaneously detoxification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in subcritical water was developed. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) power from spent LIBs and PVC were co-treated by subcritical water oxidation, in which PVC served as a hydrochloric acid source to promote metal leaching. The dechlorination of PVC and metal leaching was achieved simultaneously under subcritical water oxidation. More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were recovered under the optimum conditions: temperature 350• C, PVC/LiCoO 2 ratio 3:1, time 30 min, and a solid/liquid ratio 16:1 (g/L), respectively. Moreover, PVC was completely dechlorinated at temperatures above 350• C without any release of toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Assessment on economical and environmental impacts revealed that the PVC and LiCoO 2 subcritical co-treatment process had significant technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. This innovative co-treatment process is efficient, environmentally friendly and adequate for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs and simultaneous dechlorination of PVC in subcritical water.

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“…The spent LIBs were dismantled, LiCoO 2 was separated from aluminum foil, and the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon in the active material were eliminated by calcining at 700°C for 5 h. The leaching process is described by our previous work [22]. The concentration of Co and Li in the leaching solution was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and electrochemical properties of re-synthesized LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2012

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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A new idea for reuse of the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is investigated to develop an environmentally friendly process for recycling spent batteries. LiCoO 2 is re-synthesized from spent LIBs by leaching and a sol-gel method calcined at high temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are employed to study the reactions occurring calcination that are responsible for the weight losses. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to determine the structures of the LiCoO 2 powders. It was found that a pure phase of LiCoO 2 can be obtained by the re-synthesis process. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the LiCoO 2 powders. The discharge capacity of re-synthesized LiCoO 2 is 137 mAh g −1 at the 0.1 C rate, and the capacity retention of the re-synthesized LiCoO 2 is 97.98% after 20 cycles at the 0.1 C rate, and 88.14% after 40 cycles. The results indicate that the re-synthesized LiCoO 2 displays good charge/discharge performance and cycling behavior.

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Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant

Cited by 478 publications

References 19 publications

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Preparation and electrochemical properties of re-synthesized LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries

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