Reconstruction of a Combined Frontal Bone and Orbital Roof Defect With Associated Meningoencephalocele Using 3D Modeling and 3D Navigation

Abstract

Introduction: Orbital roof fractures are uncommon and normally associated with high energy trauma in which multiple other injuries are present. Most can be managed non-operatively with close observation. However, in a small proportion the defect is such that it permits the development of a meningoencephalocele, which can cause exophthalmos, a reduction in visual acuity and pain, all of which are unlikely to improve without surgical treatment. In light of their scarcity and the potential of serious risks with surgery that includes meningitis and visual disturbance (or even loss), thorough planning is required so that the meningoencephalocele can be reduced safely and the orbital roof adequately reconstructed. Methods: We report a case of a patient with a frontal bone defect, orbital roof fracture and associated meningoencephalocele that presented years after being involved in a road traffic accident in another country, who complained of a significant headache and orbital pain. The use of 3D modeling to help plan the surgery, and intraoperative 3D navigation to help negotiate the anterior skull base are described along with the reconstruction of the frontal bone and orbital roof using titanium mesh contoured on the 3D model. Conclusions: Although conservative management of orbital roof fractures predominates; those that are symptomatic, have associated neurologic symptoms or pose a risk to the eyesight warrant a surgical approach. The methods of repair, which center around separating the intracranial and intraorbital contents, are described in the context of this patient and previous cases, and a treatment algorithm is proposed.

An unusual presentation of orbital encephalocele following a self‐inflicted gunshot wound injury: A case report and literature review

“… 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 16 In a recent review of orbital roof fractures complicated by meningoencephaloceles, 9 out of 20 reported cases since the year 2000 had MVC as the mechanism of injury. 11 Including our patient, there have been five reported cases since 1970 of GSW injuries resulting in traumatic orbital encephalocele. An association between mechanism of injury and the likelihood of developing a traumatic orbital encephalocele secondary to orbital roof fractures may exist, however, further investigation is needed.…”