Reconstructing paleoseismic deformation, 2: 1000 years of great earthquakes at Chucalén, south central Chile

Garrett, Ed; Shennan, Ian; Woodroffe, Sarah A.; Cisternas, Marco; Hocking, Emma P.; Gulliver, Pauline

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.010

Cited by 48 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…On the other hand, the five criteria neatly summarised, 1 -lateral extent of peat-mud couplets with sharp contacts; 2 -suddenness of submergence; 3 -amount of vertical motion; 4 -presence of tsunami deposited sediments directly above the peat horizon, and, 5 -synchroneity with other sites, provided a valuable means to frame the research in a number of later studies (e.g. Briggs et al, 2014;Clark et al, 2015;Dura et al, 2015;Dura et al, 2016;Dura et al, 2011;Engelhart et al, 2013;Garrett et al, 2015b;Grand Pre et al, 2012;Hamilton and Shennan, 2005a;Hayward et al, 2015;Kelsey et al, 2015;Leonard et al, 2004;Nelson et al, 2009;Nelson et al, 2006;Shennan et al, 2009;Witter et al, 2003). In order to reflect developments in research over the past twenty years, for paleoseismological studies of tidal wetland sediment sequences an approach framed around such are criteria is better summarised as assessing the following:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The summary plot is an alternative to the salinity classification, each diatom species is classified by their optimum elevation in the modern data set used for the transfer function models (Garrett et al, 2015b). The four graphs represent two transfer function methods of reconstructing elevation, WA-PLS and MAT, and two methods of illustrating these.…”

Section: Summarising Microfossil Data and Sea-level Reconstructionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Structure Of The Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these criteria were proposed with respect to tidal marsh sequences adjacent to the Cascadia subduction zone, they have proved valuable for numerous studies since (e.g. Clark et al, 2015;Dura et al, 2015;Dura et al, 2016;Dura et al, 2011;Engelhart et al, 2013;Garrett et al, 2015b;Grand Pre et al, 2012;Hamilton and Shennan, 2005a;Hayward et al, 2015;Kelsey et al, 2015;Leonard et al, 2004;McCalpin and Carver, 2009;Nelson et al, 2009;Nelson et al, 2006;Shennan et al, 2009;Witter et al, 2003).In this review, we first introduce general principles regarding indicators of relative sea-level change in tidal wetlands and the conditions in which paleoseismic indicators must be distinct from those resulting from non-seismic processes.Section 2 summarises the tectonic setting and Holocene chronology of great earthquakes in the region of the 1964 Alaska M w 9.2 earthquake since we use evidence from this region to revisit the criteria recommended by Nelson et al (1996) for identifying coseismic subsidence and use the evidence to test working hypothesis of variable rupture modes during the late Holocene.In section 3, we consider developments over the past 20 years in popular methods of reconstructing relative sea-level change and their application to paleoseismic records from tidal wetlands.Section 4 presents evidence from sites across southcentral Alaska to illustrate different detection limits and how these constrain alternative interpretations for marsh submergence and emergence.In section 5, we evaluate the predicted surface displacement of different rupture modes against the reconstructions of marsh submergence and emergence based on field data.In the final sections, we consider the broader implications of detection limits of tidal wetland sequences at subduction zones around the world and suggest an expansion of the Nelson et al(1996) criteria. …”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection limits of tidal-wetland sequences to identify variable rupture modes of megathrust earthquakes

Shennan

Garrett

Barlow

2016

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. earthquakes. We conclude that coastal paleoseismological studies benefit from a methodological framework that employs rigorous evaluation of five essential criteria and a sixth which may be very robust but only occur at some sites: 1 -lateral extent of peat-mud or mud-peat couplets with sharp contacts; 2 -suddenness of submergence or emergence, and replicated within each site; 3 -amount of vertical motion, quantified with 95% error terms and replicated within each site; 4 -syncroneity of submergence and emergence based on statistical age modelling; 5 -spatial pattern of submergence and emergence; 6 -possible additional evidence, such as evidence of a tsunami or liquefaction concurrent with submergence or emergence. We suggest that it is possible to consider detection limits as low as 0.1 to 0.2 m coseismic vertical change. Introduction and structure of the paperCoastal paleoseismology provides critical information that helps to improve understanding and modelling of seismic hazards, including associated tsunami, at all major subduction zones. Key contributions to practical earthquake hazard assessment include the identification of great (magnitude 8 or 9) earthquakes during the Holocene where there is no historical record (Atwater, 1987); earthquakes of substantially greater magnitude than directly observed (Minoura et al., 2001;Sawai et al., 2008); estimating recurrence intervals of great earthquakes (Atwater and HemphillHaley, 1997;Nelson et al., 1995); and defining different patterns of rupture along a subduction zone (Cisternas et al., 2005;Kelsey et al., 2002;Nelson et al., 2006;Sawai et al., 2004). Since publication of the seminal paper (Atwater, 1987), and widespread adoption of well-tested field and analytical methods (e.g. Atwater and Hemphill-Haley, 1997;Hayward et al., 2006;Kelsey, 2015;Nelson, 2015;Nelson et al., 1996;Witter, 2015) debate moved on to questions critical for hazard assessment, emergency planning and international building code design (Mueller et al., 2015;Wesson et al., 2007). Key questions include the extent of past great earthquake ruptures (a proxy for magnitude), the identification of the boundaries between rupture segments, the persistence of these boundaries over multiple earthquake cycles, recurrence intervals of great earthquakes in each segment, the role of aseismic slip, and whether segments of plate boundaries that are currently creeping can generate great earthquakes Goldfinger et al., 2012;Hayward et al., 2015;Kelsey et al., 2015;Mueller...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summarising Microfossil Data and Sea-level Reconstructionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Structure Of The Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection limits of tidal-wetland sequences to identify variable rupture modes of megathrust earthquakes

Shennan

Garrett

Barlow

2016

Quaternary Science Reviews

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“…If seismic and tsunami hazard assessments in these regions had fully considered coastal geologic evidence for past subduction zone earthquakes and tsunamis, losses might have been substantially reduced [17,18]. One of the most widely applied methods of reconstructing subduction zone earthquake histories on millennial timescales employs coastal wetland stratigraphic sequences to identify sudden changes in RSL during coseismic vertical deformation of the coast [12,13,[19][20][21]. However, the time spans and completeness of prehistoric earthquake records varies widely among subduction zone coastlines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Holocene Relative Sea-Level Change in Preserving Records of Subduction Zone Earthquakes

Dura

Engelhart

Vacchi

et al. 2016

Curr Clim Change Rep

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Eustasy and glacio-and hydro-isostatic adjustment are the main drivers of regional variability of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) records. These regional variations in Holocene RSL influence the preservation of coastal wetland stratigraphic records of prehistoric earthquakes along subduction zone coasts. The length and completeness of prehistoric earthquake records is intrinsically linked to the accommodation space provided by gradually rising (<3 mm/year) Holocene RSL. In near-field regions that were located beneath northern hemisphere ice sheets (e.g., western Vancouver Island), RSL fall from a mid-Holocene highstand has limited prehistoric earthquake records to the last 1 ka. In intermediate field regions (e.g., southern Washington and central Oregon), gradual RSL rise over the last ∼7 ka has preserved widespread records of prehistoric earthquakes. In far-field regions (e.g., Sumatra, Chile, and Japan), fragmentary stratigraphic evidence of prehistoric earthquakes has been preserved only during periods of gradual RSL rise prior to a mid-Holocene highstand, or during the last 1-3 ka, when RSL was within 2 m of modern sea level, and thus within the tidal frame.

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The giant 1960 tsunami in the context of a 6000‐year record of paleotsunamis and coastal evolution in south‐central Chile

Matos-Llavona

Ely

MacInnes

et al. 2022

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The tsunami associated with the giant 9.5 Mw 1960 Chile earthquake deposited an extensive sand layer above organic‐rich soils near Queule (39.3°S, 73.2°W), south‐central Chile. Using the 1960 tsunami deposits, together with eye‐witness observations and numerical simulations of tsunami inundation, we tested the tsunami inundation sensitivity of the site to different earthquake slip distributions. Stratigraphically below the 1960 deposit are two additional widespread sand layers interpreted as tsunami deposits with maximum ages of 4960–4520 and 5930–5740 cal BP. This >4500‐year gap of tsunami deposits preserved in the stratigraphic record is inconsistent with written and geological records of large tsunamis in south‐central Chile in 1575, 1837, and possibly 1737. We explain this discrepancy by: (1) poor preservation of tsunami deposits due to reduced accommodation space from relative sea‐level fall during the late Holocene; (2) recently evolved coastal geomorphology that increased sediment availability for tsunami deposit formation in 1960; and/or (3) the possibility that the 1960 tsunami was significantly larger at this particular location than other tsunamis in the past >4500 years. Our research illustrates the complexities of reconstructing a complete stratigraphic record of past tsunamis from a single site for tsunami hazard assessment.

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Reconstructing paleoseismic deformation, 2: 1000 years of great earthquakes at Chucalén, south central Chile

Cited by 48 publications

References 47 publications

Detection limits of tidal-wetland sequences to identify variable rupture modes of megathrust earthquakes

Detection limits of tidal-wetland sequences to identify variable rupture modes of megathrust earthquakes

The Role of Holocene Relative Sea-Level Change in Preserving Records of Subduction Zone Earthquakes

The giant 1960 tsunami in the context of a 6000‐year record of paleotsunamis and coastal evolution in south‐central Chile

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