Reconciliation and consolation in captive bonobos (<i>Pan paniscus</i>)

Palagi, Elisabetta; Paoli, Tommaso

doi:10.1002/ajp.20000

Cited by 132 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Their avoidant behavior was not necessarily maladaptive, therefore. However, it is the mother-reared juveniles that showed the full spectrum of social skills and socio-emotional responses typical of bonobos (16,40,44). They showed a tight interconnection between the regulation of their own emotions, their reaction to the emotions of others, and how they navigated their social world.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consolation is defined as spontaneous contact comfort aimed at distressed parties by means of touching, stroking, embracing, and kissing (15) (Fig. 1), a behavior well-known of both children and apes (4)(5)(6)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). In human children, consolation behavior appears already in the first year of life (10,17), suggesting that although the cognitive component of empathy increases across development, it is no prerequisite for expressions of concern.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos

Clay

Waal

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Social and emotional skills are tightly interlinked in human development, and both are negatively impacted by disrupted social development. The same interplay between social and emotional skills, including expressions of empathy, has received scant attention in other primates however, despite the growing interest in caring, friendships, and the fitness benefits of social skills. Here we examine the development of socio-emotional competence in juvenile bonobos (Pan paniscus) at a sanctuary in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on the interplay between various skills, including empathy-related responding. Most subjects were rehabilitated orphans, but some were born at the sanctuary and mother-reared there. We observed how juveniles with different rearing backgrounds responded to stressful events, both when the stress affected themselves (e.g., a lost fight) or others (e.g., witnessing the distress of others). The main dependent variable was the consolation of distressed parties by means of calming body contact. As in children, consolation was predicted by overall social competence and effective emotion regulation, as reflected in the speed of recovery from self-distress and behavioral measures of anxiety. Juveniles more effective at self-regulation were more likely to console others in distress, and such behavior was more typical of mother-reared juveniles than orphans. These results highlight the interplay between the development of social and emotional skills in our ape relatives and the importance of the mother-offspring bond in shaping socio-emotional competence.social deprivation | sympathetic concern | emotional control | personal distress S ocio-emotional competence encompasses an array of skills, such as successfully forming and maintaining social relationships, behaving appropriately in social situations, being sensitive to the emotions of others, and effectively managing one's own emotions (1). Emotion regulation (ER) is an essential part of socio-emotional competence and is defined as the process of modifying, inhibiting, evaluating, and monitoring internal states and reactions to enable an individual to adaptively respond to arousing situations so as to achieve individual goals (1, 2). Throughout development, social and emotional skills are tightly interconnected and "people who are unable to modulate the intensity and duration of their internal emotional responses and emotionally driven behavior are likely to be physiologically overaroused and to behave in ways that do not foster constructive social interactions" (3).Studies of child development show that effectively managing one's own emotions allows for greater empathy with others, including caring responses known as sympathetic concern (4-6).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos

Clay

Waal

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Many studies suffer from small sample sizes. For example, Palagi et al (2004) found, in a captive bonobo group, male-female and femalefemale dyads with close relationships reconciled more conflicts than those with distant relationships. However, their study group had only 5 members, which limited analysis at the dyad level and made any conclusions tentative.…”

Section: Testing the Vrhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflict Resolution in Chimpanzees and the Valuable-relationships Hypothesis

Watts

2006

Int J Primatol

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“…7,10 The majority of research on post-conflict behavior has focused on reconciliation, the affiliative post-conflict interaction between former opponents, 11,12 but important post-conflict interactions may also occur between the opponents and bystanders uninvolved in the previous conflict. 13,14 In particular, a number of recent studies have demonstrated the phenomenon of post-conflict affiliation directed from a bystander to the recipient of aggression in a variety of species from primates [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] to dogs 26 and rooks. 27 This review focuses on bystander to recipient interactions and examines the variations in their patterns, which are consistent with a number of different functional explanations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are bystanders friendly to recipients of aggression?

Fraser

Koski

Wittig

et al. 2009

Communicative & Integrative Biology

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The escalation of conflicts of interest into aggressive conflict can be costly in terms of increased post-conflict stress and damage to the opponents' relationship. Some costs may be mitigated through post-conflict interactions. One such type of interaction is affiliative contact from a bystander to the recipient of aggression. This type of interaction has been suggested to have a number of functions, including stress reduction and opponent relationship repair. It may also protect bystanders from redirected aggression from the original recipient of aggression. Here we review the evidence for such functions and propose a framework within which the function and occurrence of post-conflict affiliation directed from a bystander to the recipient of aggression is related to the quality of the relationships between the individuals involved and the patterns of behavior expressed.

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Reconciliation and consolation in captive bonobos (Pan paniscus)

Cited by 132 publications

References 46 publications

Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos

Development of socio-emotional competence in bonobos

Conflict Resolution in Chimpanzees and the Valuable-relationships Hypothesis

Why are bystanders friendly to recipients of aggression?

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