Recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)

Fitzer, E.; Köchling, K.-H.; Boehm, H. P.; Marsh, H.

doi:10.1351/pac199567030473

Cited by 491 publications

(159 citation statements)

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“…Otherwise, the term ''non-graphitic carbon'' should be used.'' 39 Thus, ''non-graphitic carbon'' is the correct term to describe sp 2 carbon materials showing diffuse reflections in XRD experiments without the presence of (hkl) reflections. This corresponds to graphene stacks without 3D correlation between the stacked graphenes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recent progress in soft-templating of porous carbon materials

2012

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Mesoporous carbons synthesized via a soft-templating approach have attracted much attention due to their easy synthesis and facile control over the derived pore structure. In analogy to soft-templating approaches for mesoporous metal oxides, their synthesis is based on a sequence of forming supramolecular arrangements of precursor molecules with the soft templates, stabilization of the precursor framework by polymerization and finally the removal of the templates. Using micelles of amphiphilic block-copolymers as templates, facile control over the morphology and size of mesopores can be achieved by e.g. controlling size, composition, and concentration of the template polymers or composition and degree of polymerization of the precursor. Moreover, soft templating approaches can be extended to obtain also carbon materials with hierarchical meso-and macroporosity. The additional macroporosity either can result from templating by polymer latex or is induced via macrophase separation. In this review, we describe recent progress and examples in the synthesis and application of mesoporous carbon materials based on soft-templating approaches. Moreover, we reiterate fundamental principles of self-aggregation, highlight proposed synthesis mechanisms and present means of controlling pore size, also in hierarchical meso-macroporous carbon materials.

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confidence: 99%

Recent progress in soft-templating of porous carbon materials

2012

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“…The selectivity was assessed by the separated solutions method [21], injecting separately into the FIA system solutions of SDZ or other possible interfering species. The effect of pH was evaluated by injecting a 1.0×10 -3 mol L -1 SDZ solution prepared in water.…”

Section: Flow Potentiometric Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid automated method for on-site determination of sulfadiazine in fish farming: a stainless steel veterinary syringe coated with a selective membrane of PVC serving as a potentiometric detector in a flow-injection-analysis system

et al. 2011

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Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic of the sulfonamide group and is used as a veterinary drug in fish farming. Monitoring it in the tanks is fundamental to control the applied doses and avoid environmental dissemination. Pursuing this goal, we included a novel potentiometric design in a flow-injection assembly. The electrode body was a stainless steel needle veterinary syringe of 0.8-mm inner diameter. A selective membrane of PVC acted as a sensory surface. Its composition, the length of the electrode, and other flow variables were optimized. The best performance was obtained for sensors of 1.5-cm length and a membrane composition of 33% PVC, 66% onitrophenyloctyl ether, 1% ion exchanger, and a small amount of a cationic additive. It exhibited Nernstian slopes of 61.0 mV decade -1 down to 1.0×10 -5 mol L -1 , with a limit of detection of 3.1×10 -6 mol L -1 in flowing media. All necessary pH/ionic strength adjustments were performed online by merging the sample plug with a buffer carrier of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, pH 4.9. The sensor exhibited the advantages of a fast response time (less than 15 s), long operational lifetime (60 days), and good selectivity for chloride, nitrite, acetate, tartrate, citrate, and ascorbate. The flow setup was successfully applied to the analysis of aquaculture waters. The analytical results were validated against those obtained with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedures. The sampling rate was about 84 samples per hour and recoveries ranged from 95.9 to 106.9%.

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“…The total amount of lignite tar arising is ca. 10 6 t/a. Peat tars and wood tars arise as byproducts in the production of activated carbon and reductive carbon by carbonization of peat and wood (!…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%