Tar and Pitch

Blümer, Gerd‐Peter; Collin, Gerd; Höke, Hartmut

doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_091.pub2

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Anthracene itself is a $1.5 wt% 53 constituent of coal tar, a 20-million-ton per annum by-product mainly from coking. 54 PNDIE has recently found use as a versatile anode material for various aqueous metal-ion batteries. 55,56 Its straightforward polyimide synthesis is a reaction between the derivatives of ethene and pyrene.…”

Section: Resource Availability Meeting Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positioning Organic Electrode Materials in the Battery Landscape

Liang

Yao

2018

Joule

355

305

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The quest for cheaper, safer, higher-density, and more resource-abundant energy storage has driven significant battery innovations. In the context of material development for next-generation batteries, here we compare head-to-head organic battery electrode materials (OBEMs) with dominating/competing inorganic materials through analyses of charge storage mechanism, working potential, specific capacity, resource availability, and more. We show that from high-energy lithium batteries to aqueous and all-solid-state batteries, OBEMs can be designed to be sufficiently capable and offer unique feature sets unmatched by other materials. Future research directions toward practical application of OBEMs are discussed.

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Section: Resource Availability Meeting Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positioning Organic Electrode Materials in the Battery Landscape

Liang

Yao

2018

Joule

355

305

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“…The Zandmotor tar piece has a volume of 1.990 mm 3 5 . Admitting a density of 1.14 g/ml for wood tar 26 , the approximate weight of the Zandmotor piece is 2.27 g. The time needed to produce this amount with the condensation method would be ~ 4 h while the cobble-groove could produce it in ~ 2 h 30. Although it is possible to calculate a production time of ~ 2 h 15 with the flint-groove, this would require multiple new sets of flint fragments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new method for birch tar making with materials available in the Stone Age

Koch

Schmidt

2022

Sci Rep

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The use of birch tar can be traced back to the European Middle Palaeolithic and is relevant for our understanding of the technical skills and cognitive abilities of Neanderthals. Due to the lack of archaeological evidence, it remains unknown what techniques were used for birch tar making. Efficiency was recently used as a proxy to determine the method most likely used in the Middle Palaeolithic. Todtenhaupt et al. have proposed a technique employing a groove-like structure that is comparable with the recently presented condensation method. The groove method resulted in higher tar yields compared to other experimental aceramic production processes. However, the implications for Palaeolithic tar making remain unclear because some of the materials used in the experiment were not available then (polished granite slabs). To approach this problem, we replicated the groove with river cobbles and, in a second experiment with flint fragments, to evaluate whether similar results can be obtained. We were successful in producing birch tar in multiple runs with the cobble- and flint-grooves, which, in addition, proved to be more efficient than the condensation method in terms of tar yield per bark input. Our experimental study provides an additional possibility to make prehistoric birch tar.

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“…In particular, when mixed with birch pitch, the VOCs could not be detected through the extreme abundance of VOCs within the birch pitch. Birch pitch, and by extension all wood pitches, are formed by the thermal decomposition of different wood components (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and resin), which results in an extreme chemical mixture of at least 200 individual compounds (Dupont 1924;Betts 2000;Blümer et al 2011). Moreover, the other products from the dry distillation of wood (i.e., wood gas, pyroligneous acid and charcoal) (Dupont 1924) get mixed with the pitch during the distillation process and complicate it even more.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fingerprinting Glues Using HS‐SPME GC×GC–HRTOFMS: a New Powerful Method Allows Tracking Glues Back in Time

et al. 2018

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The use of glues for stone tool hafting is an important innovation in human evolution. Compared to other organic remains, glues are preserved more frequently, though mainly in small spots. Reliable identification requires chemical molecular characterization, which is traditionally performed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Current methods of extraction and derivatization prior to GC–MS are destructive and require relatively large samples, which is problematic for prehistoric glue residues. In this paper, we discuss the results of an experimental study using a new method (HS‐SPME GC×GC–HRTOFMS) that proves effective for identifying small quantities of compound glues. The method is non‐destructive with an improved sensitivity in comparison to traditional GC–MS, and it has a high potential for prehistoric samples.

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Tar and Pitch

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Positioning Organic Electrode Materials in the Battery Landscape

Positioning Organic Electrode Materials in the Battery Landscape

A new method for birch tar making with materials available in the Stone Age

Fingerprinting Glues Using HS‐SPME GC×GC–HRTOFMS: a New Powerful Method Allows Tracking Glues Back in Time

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