Recommendations for Anti-inflammatory Treatments in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Ali, Muhammad Mohsin; Ghouri, Raza Gulzar; Ans, Armghan H; Akbar, Arshia; Toheed, Ahmed

doi:10.7759/cureus.4620

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD has been supported by observational and epidemiological studies demonstrating that chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can exert beneficial roles in reducing the risk of AD ( Ali et al, 2019 ). Moreover, mutations in the genes encoding for immune receptors, including triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and myeloid cell surface antigen CD33, have been associated with an elevated risk of developing AD ( Griciuc et al, 2013 ; Gratuze et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Neuroinflammation In the Pathogenesis Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2020

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population, representing a global public health priority. Despite a large improvement in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, the etiology of this disorder remains still unclear, and no current treatment is able to prevent, slow, or stop its progression. Thus, there is a keen interest in the identification and modification of the risk factors and novel molecular mechanisms associated with the development and progression of AD. In this context, it is worth noting that several findings support the existence of a direct link between neuronal and non-neuronal inflammation/infection and AD progression. Importantly, recent studies are now supporting the existence of a direct relationship between periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral disease, and AD. The mechanisms underlying the association remain to be fully elucidated, however, it is generally accepted, although not confirmed, that oral pathogens can penetrate the bloodstream, inducing a low-grade systemic inflammation that negatively affects brain function. Indeed, a recent report demonstrated that oral pathogens and their toxic proteins infect the brain of AD patients. For instance, when AD progresses from the early to the more advanced stages, patients could no longer be able to adequately adhere to proper oral hygiene practices, thus leading to oral dysbiosis that, in turn, fuels infection, such as periodontitis. Therefore, in this review, we will provide an update on the emerging (preclinical and clinical) evidence that supports the relationship existing between periodontitis and AD. More in detail, we will discuss data attesting that periodontitis and AD share common risk factors and a similar hyper-inflammatory phenotype.

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Section: Neuroinflammation In the Pathogenesis Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2020

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“…In the wake of several preclinical studies, clinical trials carried out to verify the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as curative drugs for AD have failed to show promising results (Ali et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repositioning of Immunomodulators: A Ray of Hope for Alzheimer’s Disease?

et al. 2020

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and by the presence of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Despite recent advances in understanding its pathophysiological mechanisms, to date, there are no disease-modifying therapeutic options, to slow or halt the evolution of neurodegenerative processes in AD. Current pharmacological treatments only transiently mitigate the severity of symptoms, with modest or null overall improvement. Emerging evidence supports the concept that AD is affected by the impaired ability of the immune system to restrain the brain’s pathology. Deep understanding of the relationship between the nervous and the immune system may provide a novel arena to develop effective and safe drugs for AD treatment. Considering the crucial role of inflammatory/immune pathways in AD, here we discuss the current status of the immuno-oncological, immunomodulatory and anti-TNF-α drugs which are being used in preclinical studies or in ongoing clinical trials by means of the drug-repositioning approach.

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“…The pathology associated with NDs includes the aggregation of proteins, inflammation, oxidative stress [1], and loss of neurotransmitters [2,3]. Since the available treatments like Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Donepezil, Memantine, Memantine combined with Tacrine, and Donepezil are coming under supportive therapy regulating the levels of neurotransmitters, there is a great need for a new derivative for the root cause of the disease [2,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Evaluating the Role of Nsaids for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

et al. 2021

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Recently, several studies have been reported that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can fight against neurodegenerative disorders by various mechanisms. Currently, available therapies of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) provide only symptomatic relief. This is the point at which we need an alternative that acts on the root cause of disease. Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are the two NDs concentrated here. Since the drug profile is already known, drug repurposing is a promising technique in research, thereby reducing the cost and period effectively. Epidemiological studies on various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) showed good results, but when it came to clinical studies the results are found to be poor. Hence, it can be concluded that NSAIDs provide its neuroprotective activity on its long-term use only, as the brain accessibility of this kind of drug is poor due to its lower lipophilicity.

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Recommendations for Anti-inflammatory Treatments in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Cited by 41 publications

References 24 publications

Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease

Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease

Repositioning of Immunomodulators: A Ray of Hope for Alzheimer’s Disease?

Review on Evaluating the Role of Nsaids for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

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