Recommendation for modifying current cytotoxicity testing standards for biodegradable magnesium-based materials

In vitro and in vivo studies on as-extruded Mg- 5.25wt.%Zn-0.6wt.%Ca alloy as biodegradable metal

“…Severe cytotoxicity is observed for 100% extract. Similar phenomenon was also reported for 100% magnesium alloy extract, because of the alkaline stress, osmolality [35] or magnesium concentration [36]. After 2 and 10 times dilution, the cytotoxicity is reduced and at Grade 0-1 (see Fig.…”

Cytotoxicity Tests for Evaluating Medical Devices: An Alert for the Development of Biotechnology Health Products

“…Methods involving cell cultures can be successfully employed because they are reproducible, fast, sensitive and easy to execute during an in vitro biocompatibility evaluation [41]. Nevertheless, due to the increased types of medical devices to be evaluated, there is a need to study new methodologies and choose among them those that can better detect the potential toxicities that these materials may display [42,43].…”

In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of Mg-Li-Ca alloys—the influence of Li content

“…The weak and reversible adsorption of hydrophilic effect makes for adapting the structure of the materials to cell growth. The hydrophilic effect also impedes the adhering of platelets so that it is effective to prevent the platelet thrombosis [31,39]. Nevertheless, for the hydrophobic surface, the conformation of protein changes more seriously due to the selective adsorption of r-globulin and fibrinogen [40,41].…”

“…5 shows the cell viability of L-929 cells expressed as a percentage of the viability of cells cultured in the negative control after an incubation for 1, 3 and 5 days in the extracts of the samples. Wang et al [31] recommended a dilution range for the extracts to perform cytotoxicity evaluation between 6 and 10. ISO recommended cell lines (L929) showed no significant difference in cytotoxicity evaluation compared to the primary cells, indicating that the use of these cell lines in priority was acceptable.…”