Recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor applied locally in low doses enhances healing and prevents recurrence of chronic venous ulcers

Abstract

In this first study, topically applied low-dose rhu GM-CSF was a safe treatment for chronic venous leg ulcers. Healing rates were significantly increased and relapse rates were minimal.

Schistosoma mansoni antigens alter the cytokine response in vitro during cutaneous leishmaniasis

“…This treatment has serious side effects including pancreatitis, liver enzyme abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmia (Berman 1997). The association of immunomodulators, such as granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor locally applied as adjuvant therapy in low doses, improves the healing of chronic ulcers (Jaschke et al 1999). Other drugs, such as pentoxifylline, inhibit TNF-α synthesis and thus down-modulates the immune response when associated with antimony therapy.…”

17β-Estradiol enhances heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor production in human keratinocytes

“…It is reported that systemic administration of E 2 reversed the impaired wound reepithelialization in postmenopausal women (7), which may be related to restoration of HB-EGF production by E 2 . Cutaneous wound healing requires a variety of growth factors, and the application of a single growth factor is not always effective (29). In addition to HB-EGF production in keratinocytes, E 2 induces production of multiple growth factors in multiple cell types, including nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor production in macrophages (31,33), leading to reinnervation and angiogenesis in the wound.…”

Treatment of venous ulcers

“…Sixty-one percent of active group patients were healed at week 13, compared with 19% of the placebo group (P = 0.014) [19]. Similar results using GM-CSF for the treatment of leg ulcers due to various causes have been reported [20]. GM-CSF exerts its effects on wound healing through multiple mechanisms, affecting one or all of the wound healing phases, such as homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation [19,20].…”

“…GM-CSF exerts its effects on wound healing through multiple mechanisms, affecting one or all of the wound healing phases, such as homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation [19,20]. • Due to the pain associated with injections, Jaschke et al [20] studied topical GM-CSF in a series of 52 venous ulcers. Ninety percent healed, with an average healing time of 19 weeks.…”