Recombinant human erythropoietin in sports: a review

Abstract

Erythropoietin is an endogenous hormone of glicoproteic nature secreted by the kidneys and is the main regulator of the erythropoiesis. An alteration in its production generates a disturbance in the plasmatic concentration giving rise to several types of pathologies related to the hematopoietic system. The recombinant forms of erythropoietin have indiscriminately been used by athletes, mainly in endurance sports, by increasing the erythrocytes concentration, generating a better delivery of oxygen to the muscle tissue. The administration of recombinant erythropoietin was prohibited by the International Olympic Committee and its use considered as doping. This review has the intention to describe the physical, biological and pharmacokinetic properties of the endogenous erythropoietin, as well as its recombinant form, describing also its use in sports and the process of searching methodologies for its detection in doping control

The Influence of Erythropoietin (EPO T<b>&#x2192;</b>G) and α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) Polymorphisms on Runners' Responses to the Dietary Ingestion of Antioxidant Supplementation Based on Pequi Oil (<b><i>Caryocar brasiliense</i></b> Camb.): A Before-After Study

“…However, EPO is the main endogenous hormone regulator of erythropoiesis, which promotes erythroid differentiation and initiates hemoglobin synthesis, and its expression provides protection against apoptosis of erythroid progenitors and is upregulated in the liver and kidney by hypoxia [74,75,76]. As our study was conducted with athletes and not with diabetic patients, the results of the erythrogram suggest that the presence of the G allele in the heterozygous individual could favor a better response to the ischemia/perfusion process that can occur in these organs due to the cyclical process of contraction-relaxation established during the race [1].…”

Eritropoitin Fisiologi, Aspek Klinik, Dan Laboratorik

“…Hormon EP� yang diproduksi akan menuju sel induk eritrosit dalam sumsum tulang. EP� lebih berperan pada tahap CFU-E dan pronormoblas yang lebih dekat dengan eritrosit matur daripada tahap BFU-E. 8,9 Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rHuEPO)…”

“…Keduanya akan meningkatkan risiko kejadian trombotik. 8 Selama beberapa tahun, beberapa penelitian dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah penggunaan rHuEP� sebagai doping. Permasalahan utama adalah adanya kesulitan untuk mendeteksi dan membedakan rHuEP� karena struktur kimiawinya yang kompleks, memiliki berat molekul tinggi, terdapat di darah dalam konsentrasi rendah dan hampir menyerupai bentuk EP� endogen.…”

“…Pada �limpiade di Sidney tahun 2000, Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory menggunakan 5 parameter darah untuk mendeteksi penggunaan rHuEP� yaitu eritrosit, makrosit, retikulosit, EP� serum dan STR. 8 Gambar 15. Proteksi neuronal pada sistem saraf pusat yang mengalami hipoksia 22 Pada keadaan hipoksia, EP� bekerja pada jaringan otak melalui 2 cara.…”

Efficient purification and preconcentration of erythropoietin in human urine by reusable immunoaffinity column

“…In recent years, a new rHuEPO product, ARANESP, was found to be used among athletes [24]. Compared with the amino acid sequence of rHuEPO (␣ or ␤), ARANESP differs at five positions (Ala 30 Asn, His 32 Thr, Pro 87 Val, Trp 88 Asn and Pro 90 Thr) [25].…”