Reclaiming the Stroop Effect Back From Control to Input-Driven Attention and Perception

Algom, Daniel; Chajut, Eran

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01683

Cited by 61 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…They do, however, show that contingency affects Stroop interference and indicates a possible effect of correlation on Stroop task accuracy. The findings provide further support of the idea that bottom-up associative learning processes influence the measurement of Stroop effects (e.g., Algom & Chajut, 2019;Schmidt, 2019) and highlight the importance of considering correlation and contingency in task designs in studies that aim to study the processes involved in performing the Stroop task.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…inform theoretical accounts of this long-established effect. Should there be no facilitation when contingency is controlled, it would support the notion that facilitation is not a failure of cognitive control per se but a consequence of the computation of the statistical properties of the experimental context (Algom & Chajut, 2019;Schmidt, 2013Schmidt, , 2019. If facilitation effects are observed even when contingency and correlation are manipulated, we will have a better foundation from which to judge accounts of Stroop facilitation.…”

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Equal numbers of Congruent (italicised numbers) and Incongruent trials leads to a higher frequency of each word being displayed in its corresponding colour compared to another colour (e.g., nine instances of 'yellow' in yellow vs three instances of 'yellow' in blue), further speeding responses to congruent stimuli. Thus, even though Another factor that is confounded in such a design is colour-word correlation (Dishon-Berkovits & Algom, 2000;Melara & Algom, 2003;Algom & Chajut, 2019).…”

Section: Colour-response Contingency and Colour-word Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another factor that is confounded in such a design is colour-word correlation (Algom & Chajut, 2019;Dishon-Berkovits & Algom, 2000;Melara & Algom, 2003). The idea of correlation is similar to the concept of contingency, with the distinction being that while the latter refers to word-response pairings, the former refers to the pairings between the colours and words.…”

Section: Colour-response Contingency and Colour-word Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of contingency and correlation in the Stroop task

Hasshim

Parris

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Facilitation (faster responses to Congruent trials compared to Neutral trials) in the Stroop task has been a difficult effect for models of cognitive control to explain. The current research investigated the role of word-response contingency, word-colour correlation, and proportion congruency in producing Stroop effects. Contingency and correlation refers to the probability of specific word-response and word-colour pairings that are implicitly learnt while performing the task. Pairs that have a higher probability of occurring are responded to faster, a finding that challenges top-down attention control accounts of Stroop task performance. However studies that try to experimentally control for contingency and correlation typically do so by increasing the proportion of incongruent trials in the task, which cognitive control accounts posit affects interference control via the top-down biasing of attention. The present research focused on whether facilitation is also affected by contingency and correlation while additionally looking at the effect of proportion congruency. This was done in two experiments that compared the typical design of Stroop task experiments (i.e., having equal proportions of Congruent and Incongruent trials but also contingency and correlational biases) to: a) a design that had unequal congruency proportions but no contingency or correlation (Experiment 1), and b) a design where the correlation is biased but proportion congruency and contingency were not (Experiment 2). Results did not support the hypotheses that contingency or correlation affected facilitation. Interference was almost halved in the alternative design of Experiment 2, demonstrating an effect of contingency learning in typical measures of Stroop interference.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Theoretical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Colour-response Contingency and Colour-word Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Colour-response Contingency and Colour-word Correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The role of contingency and correlation in the Stroop task

Hasshim

Parris

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…It does, however, have the benefit of hypothesizing a form of attentional control that is not a static, invariant process but instead posits a more dynamic, adaptive form of attentional control, and provides foundational hypotheses about how and when attentional control might happen. However, the present work addresses that which the cognitive control approach tends to eschew (see Algom & Chajut, 2019): the question of where the conflict that causes the interference comes from. Importantly, the answer to the where question will have implication for the how and when questions.…”

Section: The Where Vs the When And The How Of Attentional Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

Parris

Hasshim

Wadsley

et al. 2021

Psychological Research

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Despite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.

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A new perspective on the role of the frontoparietal regions in Stroop‐like conflicts

Oren

Abecasis

Inbar

et al. 2023

Human Brain Mapping

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Humans are goal‐directed; however, goal‐unrelated information still affects us, but how? The Stroop task is often used to answer this question, relying on conflict (incongruency) between attributes, one targeted by the task and another irrelevant to the task. The frontal regions of the brain are known to play a crucial role in processing such conflict, as they show increased activity when we encounter incongruent stimuli. Notably, the Stroop stimuli also consist of conceptual dimensions, such as semantic or emotional content, that are independent of the attributes that define the conflict. Since the non‐targeted attribute usually refers to the same conceptual dimension as the targeted‐attribute, it is relevant to the task at hand. For example, when naming the emotion of an emotional face superimposed by an emotional word, both the targeted‐attribute and the non‐targeted attribute refer to the conceptual dimension “emotion”. We designed an fMRI paradigm to investigate how conflicts between different conceptual dimensions impact us. Even though the conflict was task‐irrelevant, incongruent stimuli resulted in longer reaction times, indicating a behavioral congruency effect. When examining the neural mechanisms that underlie this effect, we found that the frontal regions exhibited repetition suppression, while the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) showed a congruency effect linked to the behavioral effect. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals are unable to completely ignore task‐irrelevant information, and that the IPS plays a crucial role in processing such information.

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Reclaiming the Stroop Effect Back From Control to Input-Driven Attention and Perception

Cited by 61 publications

References 104 publications

The role of contingency and correlation in the Stroop task

The role of contingency and correlation in the Stroop task

The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

A new perspective on the role of the frontoparietal regions in Stroop‐like conflicts

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