Reciprocity and trades in wild West African chimpanzees

Gomes, Cristina; Boesch, Christophe

doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1227-x

Cited by 49 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…We gathered all quantitative studies that tested for a statistical relationship between food given and food and/or other commodities received in human foragers and primates, building on previous comprehensive review work [17,18,26,35] as well as searches of subsequent literature. This search identified 25 studies, all of which focused on sharing among adult individuals.…”

Section: Materials and Methods (A) Compiling The Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, dominants or high producers with greater access to food may trade it for services provided by others such as mating or coalitionary support [26 -29]. As different commodities are exchanged among the same partners, the combination of in-kind reciprocity and trade should result in long-term correlations between giving food and receiving food and/or any other commodities, as is commonly found among primates [7,8,26,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis

2013

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ResearchCite this article: Jaeggi AV, Gurven M. 2013 Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis. Helping, i.e. behaviour increasing the fitness of others, can evolve when directed towards kin or reciprocating partners. These predictions have been tested in the context of food sharing both in human foragers and non-human primates. Here, we performed quantitative meta-analyses on 32 independent study populations to (i) test for overall effects of reciprocity on food sharing while controlling for alternative explanations, methodological biases, publication bias and phylogeny and (ii) compare the relative effects of reciprocity, kinship and tolerated scrounging, i.e. sharing owing to costs imposed by others. We found a significant overall weighted effect size for reciprocity of r ¼ 0.20-0.48 for the most and least conservative measure, respectively. Effect sizes did not differ between humans and other primates, although there were species differences in in-kind reciprocity and trade. The relative effect of reciprocity in sharing was similar to those of kinship and tolerated scrounging. These results indicate a significant independent contribution of reciprocity to human and primate helping behaviour. Furthermore, similar effect sizes in humans and primates speak against cognitive constraints on reciprocity. This study is the first to use meta-analyses to quantify these effects on human helping and to directly compare humans and other primates.

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Section: Materials and Methods (A) Compiling The Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis

2013

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“…Partly owing to the challenges of multifaceted data collection and the conversion of all goods and services into a common currency, however, the subject of trade has received little empirical attention from human behavioral ecologists (Gurven, 2004). By contrast, primatologists have explored the extent to which altruistic behaviors among non--human primates are reciprocated in other currencies, finding that chimpanzees provide political support in exchange for meat and grooming, for example (Mitani, 2006;Gomes and Boesch, 2011). It is unclear whether such trades serve to smooth imbalances in the exchange of other commodities, but at this early stage of research, it would be beneficial for human behavioral ecologists to begin by testing for correlations between the exchanges of different resources and services that typify interpersonal relationships in small--scale societies.…”

Section: The Multilevel Social Relations Model For Dyadic Network Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting model would have a four--by--four generalized reciprocity matrix and a four--by--four dyadic reciprocity matrix allowing one to estimate cross--currency generalized and dyadic reciprocity correlations as well as the usual same--currency correlations. A third potential extension relates to the response variable in dyadic network data often being "zero--inflated" (Gomes and Boesch, 2011;MacFarlan et al, 2012), and there being no convenient link function or transformation for such data. Multilevel models can accommodate mixture distributions, however, and it would be worthwhile to develop a formulation of the SRM that does not require either dichotomization of the response variable or the removal of data from the analysis.…”

Section: The Multilevel Social Relations Model For Dyadic Network Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to these limitations, behavioral ecologists have increasingly turned to multilevel modeling, also known as generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) or hierarchical linear modeling (Allen--Arave et al, 2008;Cheney et al, 2010;Gomes and Boesch, 2011;Hooper et al, 2013;Silk et al, 2013a). Compared to matrix permutation methods, multilevel models easily accommodate different response types, including binomial proportion data (Jaeggi et al, 2010) and count data (Silk et al, 2013a).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multilevel modeling analysis of dyadic network data with an application to Ye'kwana food sharing

Koster

Leckie²,

Miller

et al. 2015

American J Phys Anthropol

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Behavioral ecologists have recently begun using multilevel modeling for the analysis of social behavior. We present a multilevel modeling formulation of the Social Relations Model that is well suited for the analysis of dyadic network data. This model, which we adapt for count data and small datasets, can be fitted using standard multilevel modeling software packages. We illustrate this model with an analysis of meal sharing among Ye'kwana horticulturalists in Venezuela. In this setting, meal sharing among households is predicted by an association index, which reflects the amount of time that members of the households are interacting. This result replicates recent findings that interhousehold food sharing is especially prevalent among households that interact and cooperate in multiple ways. We discuss opportunities for human behavioral ecologists to expand their focus to the multiple currencies and cooperative behaviors that characterize interpersonal relationships in preindustrial societies. We discuss possible extensions to this statistical modeling approach and applications to research by human behavioral ecologists and primatologists. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:507–512, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Food Sharing

Gurven¹,

Jaeggi²

2015

Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Food sharing is a human universal trait that forms the centerpiece of economic and social life in hunter‐gatherer societies. Human livelihoods require sharing at all life stages: to support infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and to help reduce risk of daily food shortfalls in adulthood. Attempts to understand the evolved human life history require an examination of the conditions that led to the evolution of food sharing. We summarize key findings and recent directions, and raise unexplored questions. Past emphases included testing predictions from several evolutionary models, and the role that sharing may have played in shaping human family formation. The functions of sharing fall into two categories: reducing food shortages that come with relying on a difficult foraging niche, and advertising attractive qualities of the donor. New directions include multivariate analyses of larger samples from a variety of diverse small‐scale subsistence populations, greater consideration of the interdependency between producing food and sharing it, incorporation of bargaining theory into exchange models, and greater attention to proximate psychological mechanisms. Future studies need to explain cross‐cultural variation in sharing norms and behavior and use a variety of methods to better bridge observed sharing patterns with the study of underlying social preferences and beliefs.

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Reciprocity and trades in wild West African chimpanzees

Cited by 49 publications

References 90 publications

Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis

Reciprocity explains food sharing in humans and other primates independent of kin selection and tolerated scrounging: a phylogenetic meta-analysis

Multilevel modeling analysis of dyadic network data with an application to Ye'kwana food sharing

Food Sharing

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