Rechargeable Na/Cl2 and Li/Cl2 batteries

Abstract

Sodium is a promising anode material for batteries due to its low standard electrode potential, high abundance and low cost. In this work, we report a new rechargeable ~ 3.5 V sodium ion battery using Na anode, amorphous carbon-nanosphere cathode and a starting electrolyte comprised of AlCl 3 in SOCl 2 with uoride-based additives. The battery, exhibiting ultrahigh ~ 2800 mAh/g rst discharge capacity, could cycle with a high reversible capacity up to ~ 1000 mAh/g. Through battery cycling, the electrolyte evolved to contain NaCl, various sulfur and chlorine species that supported anode's Na/Na + redox and cathode's chloride/chlorine redox. Fluoride-rich additives were important in forming a solid-electrolyte interface, affording reversibility of the Na anode for a new class of high capacity secondary Na battery. Main TextDevising new battery concepts is important to meeting society's growing demand of energy storage.Different rechargeable batteries have been developed, including lithium ion batteries (LIBs), sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and aluminum ion batteries (AIBs) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . Prior to the invention of secondary LIBs, a primary Li-metal battery was developed in the 1970's using thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) as a catholyte, Li metal as anode and amorphous carbon as the positive electrode [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . The Li-SOCl 2 battery was attractive due to its high energy density, but did not receive sustained interest due to the lack of rechargeability 17,18 . The battery discharges through Li anode oxidation and catholyte SOCl 2 reduction into sulfur (S), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and chloride ion (Cl -) on the carbon electrode 19,20 . The Clions react with Li + stripped from

Controlled Synthesis of Mesoporous π‐Conjugated Polymer Nanoarchitectures as Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…A slightly positive shift in the anodic peaks and negative shift in the cathodic peaks can be observed with an increasing scan rate, which is caused by the polarization effect during the cycling process. [ 27 ] The ratio of the capacitive contribution can be qualitatively analyzed based on the relationship between the measured current ( i ) and scan rate ( v ) based the follow equations: [ 28 ] $$\begin{equation} i = a{v^{\rm{b}}}\end{equation}$$ $$\begin{equation}I\left( V \right) = {{\rm{k}}_1}v + {k_2}{v^{1/2}}\end{equation}$$where a and b are two adjustable constants. I ( V ) represents the total current response at a given potential V , k 1 v stands for surface capacitive effects, and k 2 v 1/2 represents a diffusion‐controlled insertion process.…”

Revealing the Electrochemistry in a Voltaic Cell by In Situ Electron Microscopy

“…It is well known that the Voltaic Pile is a primary battery, which can discharge for only one time. However, Dai et al recently fabricated a rechargeable Na/Cl 2 and Li/Cl 2 batteries, which have been considered as the primary battery for a long time [24] . Transforming the primary battery into a rechargeable cell is an interesting topic [25–27] .…”

Highly Thermally/Electrochemically Stable I−/I3−Bonded Organic Salts with High I Content for Long‐Life Li–I2Batteries

“…Unlike traditional intercalated‐type lithium‐ion batteries, rechargeable metal–halogen systems rely on rigorous redox chemistry to achieve high energy and power densities, in which their novel chemical processes have attracted considerable attention. [ 1–8 ] So far, diversified metal–halogen batteries such as zinc–iodine, [ 9–12 ] zinc–bromine, [ 13,14,15 ] lithium–iodine, [ 16–18 ] lithium–bromine/chlorine, [ 2,19,20 ] sodium–iodine, [ 21,22 ] magnesium–iodine [ 23,24 ] and other metal–halogen batteries [ 25–29 ] have been developed owing to the high compatibility of halogen cathodes with metal anodes. Among the emerging energy storage systems, rechargeable non‐aqueous lithium iodine (Li–I 2 ) batteries are promising next‐generation technologies featuring desired energy density, [ 30–22 ] sustainability and affordability due to the earth‐abundant (50–60 µg iodine L −1 in the ocean), highly reversible iodine cathode, as well as high‐capacity and low‐electrode‐potential (−3.04 V versus standard hydrogen electrode) of Li metal anode.…”