Recent Trends in Covalent and Metal Organic Frameworks for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Materials science has seen a great deal of advancement and development. The discovery of new types of materials sparked the study of their properties followed by applications ranging from separation, catalysis, optoelectronics, sensing, drug delivery and biomedicine, and many other uses in different fields of science. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a relatively new type of materials with high surface areas and permanent porosity that show great promise for such applications. The current study aims at presenting the recent work achieved in COFs and MOFs for biomedical applications, and to examine some challenges and future directions which the field may take. The paper herein surveys their synthesis, and their use as Drug Delivery Systems (DDS), in non-drug delivery therapeutics and for biosensing and diagnostics.

The Chemistry of Reticular Framework Nanoparticles: MOF, ZIF, and COF Materials

“…[346] The adsorption of H 2 S and CO to reticular framework nanoparticles are addressed [347] including MIL-53, [348] MIL101, [349] and CPO-27. [350] Biomedical applications, [333,336,351] however, are only shown for H 2 S nanoparticles. Porous CO-releasing nanoparticles have not been reported yet.…”

“…Further, the nanoparticles can be equipped with targeting functionality to act as diagnostic marker for specific targets. [333] The properties of the reticular material in turn facilitate detection of the diagnostic signal. The material can, e.g., be designed to provide MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), X-ray CT (computer tomography), or PET (positron emission tomography) contrast or serve as dye for optical imaging.…”

Recent Bio-Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks

“…MOFs have been explored for applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, biocatalysis, imaging and as antimicrobial materials [21,22]. Toxicity issues can be addressed by the synthesis of Metal Biomolecule Frameworks, or bioMOFs, which incorporate biocompatible metals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or endogenous molecules to form the porous materials [21].The popularity of these materials for biomedical applications has been highlighted in recent reviews [22,23]. Chedid and Yassin explored recent examples of the use of MOFs and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for biomedical applications, focusing on their synthesis and use as DDS [23].…”

“…Toxicity issues can be addressed by the synthesis of Metal Biomolecule Frameworks, or bioMOFs, which incorporate biocompatible metals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or endogenous molecules to form the porous materials [21].The popularity of these materials for biomedical applications has been highlighted in recent reviews [22,23]. Chedid and Yassin explored recent examples of the use of MOFs and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for biomedical applications, focusing on their synthesis and use as DDS [23]. Similar to MOFs, COFs have been used for energy and catalysis purposes [24,25], in addition to applications including biosensors and DDS [26].…”

“…The popularity of these materials for biomedical applications has been highlighted in recent reviews [22,23]. Chedid and Yassin explored recent examples of the use of MOFs and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for biomedical applications, focusing on their synthesis and use as DDS [23].…”