The Chemistry of Reticular Framework Nanoparticles: MOF, ZIF, and COF Materials

Abstract

Nanoparticles have become a vital part of a vast number of established processes and products; they are used as catalysts, in cosmetics, and even by the pharmaceutical industry. Despite this, however, the reliable and reproducible production of functional nanoparticles for specific applications remains a great challenge. In this respect, reticular chemistry provides methods for connecting molecular building blocks to nanoparticles whose chemical composition, structure, porosity, and functionality can be controlled and tuned with atomic precision. Thus, reticular chemistry allows for the translation of the green chemistry principle of atom economy to functional nanomaterials, giving rise to the multifunctional efficiency concept. This principle encourages the design of highly active nanomaterials by maximizing the number of integrated functional units while minimizing the number of inactive components. State-ofthe-art research on reticular nanoparticles-metal-organic frameworks, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks-is critically assessed and the beneficial features and particular challenges that set reticular chemistry apart from other nanoparticle material classes are highlighted. Reviewing the power of reticular chemistry, it is suggested that the unique possibility to efficiently and straightforwardly synthesize multifunctional nanoparticles should guide the synthesis of customized nanoparticles in the future.

Point-of-Use Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Nanotechnology-Enabled Solutions for the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…In this regard, the analyte, pathogen, does not need to be absorbed by the porous nanomaterials; however, the pathogen just needed to interact with the surface of the MOF that is modified by different NPs. By this interaction, different Off-On or On-Off optical mechanisms can be optimized to detect the pathogen, and in this case, different optical active components can be used as quenchers or activators [31,146,147]. For instance, a Cu-based MOF was synthesized to simultaneously detect two distinctive fluorophore-labeled DNA probes for fluorescent identifying of Dengue and Zika RNA sequences.…”

Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks as theranostic platforms for oncotherapy: synthesis, functionalization, and applications

“…Review statistical distribution of the hydrodynamic diameters of the particles, and it plays an indispensable role in the study of uniformity and stability of NCOFs. 40,91 3 Synthesis of COFs…”

“…36 In the past decade, MOFs have been widely applied in the eld of oncology and have even entered the stage of clinical trials. [37][38][39] With the development of reticular chemistry, 40 a new generation of crystalline porous materials, namely, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), emerged in 2005 41 and have been booming in recent years. 42 As a natural extension of MOFs, COFs are composed of nonmetallic elements (e.g., C, H, N, O, and B) connected by strong covalent bonds into twodimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) crystalline frameworks with predictable and periodic structures.…”

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Engineered Materials—Fundamentals and Applications

“…They are the self-assembled organic-inorganic hybrid units having polynuclear secondary building units (SBUs) or metal nodes, which form a porous and periodic framework. These units have the coordination preference between metal ions, rigidity, and length of the organic ligands [3]. Their unique structural topologies, extraordinary surface area, ultrahigh porosity, and diverse range of applications make the materials promising for applied research, addressing issues found in catalysis, proton conduction, gas storage, drug delivery, sensing, and separation [4][5][6][7].…”