Recent research into the nature of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption

Jg, McComb

doi:10.3171/jns.1983.59.3.0369

Cited by 304 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…When plasma magnesium concen tration is massively increased, as in the present study, there is a significant increase in CSF magne sium (Oppelt et al , 1963;Thurnau et al , 1987). The lack of ependymal resistance to free exchange be tween the fluid in the extracellular space and the CSF (Rall, 1968;McComb, 1983) allows us to state that the parenchymal Mg 2 + concentration is in creased when a high dose of MgCl 2 is systemically given. Furthermore, the systemic injection of mag nesium induces protection at the brain level in a variety of experimental conditions: head trauma (McIntosh et al , 1989), spinal cord ischemia (Va canti and Ames, 1984), and quinolinate neurotoxic ity (Wolf et al , 1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Reduction of Infarct Volume by Magnesium after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Izumi

Roussel

Pinard

et al. 1991

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

158

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Summary: The effects of magnesium, an endogenous in hibitor of calcium entry into neurons, upon ischemic brain damage were investigated using a well-character ized model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Infarct vol umes were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride transcardiac perfusion 48 h after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. The area of ischemic damage was quantified by image analysis in coronal sections taken every 0.5 mm. MgCI2 (l mmol/kg) was injected inMagnesium plays an essential role in cellular physiology. It is involved in the activation of � 300 enzymes, including those catalyzing energy producing and energy-consuming reactions (Ebel and Gunther, 1980). In the extracellular space, mag nesium competes with calcium to reduce calcium entry into cells (Altura and Altura, 1981), blocks both voltage-sensitive and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-activated channels (Iseri and French, 1984; Nowak et aI. , 1984), is implicated in the reg ulation of cerebral vascular tone (Seelig et aI. , 1983), and inhibits the release of excitatory amino acids (Rothman, 1984). These properties make mag nesium an excellent candidate for preventing brain damage.There is evidence that the neuronal death that follows cerebral ischemia may be due to a massive release of excitatory amino acids, particularly glu tamate (Rothman and Olney, 1986). Most studies suggest that a calcium influx into neurons is a cru cial step of the deleterious cascade triggered by Received March [5, 199[; revised April 29, 1991 ischemia (Schanne et aI. , 1979; Siesj6 and Bengts son, 1989). Several studies have demonstrated that magnesium can protect against anoxic damage in vitro (Ames and Nesbett, 1983;Rothman, 1983; Kass et aI. , 1988) and against applied glutamate (Gibson and Reif-Lehrer, 1985). Treatment with magnesium has also been shown to limit damage and improve outcome after global cerebral ischemia (Tsuda et aI. , 1989), brain trauma (Vink et aI. , 1988McIntosh et aI. , 1989), and spinal cord ischemia (Vacanti and Ames, 1984; Robertson et aI. , 1986).We have therefore investigated whether treat ment with MgCl 2 can reduce infarct volume in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. Intracranial oc clusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in rats has been chosen because it results in highly repro ducible lesions. There is good evidence that this model is most pertinent in terms of pharmacological therapy of stroke (MacKenzie et aI. , 1986). The ef fects of administering a combination of MgCl 2 and insulin were also investigated so as to minimize any influence of magnesium-induced hyperglycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiments were performed on 61 male Fischer-344 rats weighing 280-310 g. The rats had free access to food and water prior to experimentation. 1026Y. IZUMI ET AL. Induction of focal ischemiaThe rats were anesthetized with halothane (1.5%) in oxygen. Rectal temperature was measured and main tained within the normal physiological range during sur gery. Left MCA occlusion was performed by a subtem poral approach,...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Reduction of Infarct Volume by Magnesium after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Izumi

Roussel

Pinard

et al. 1991

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

158

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show abstract

“…The remaining 20-30 per cent of CSF production arises as a bulk flow of the interstitial fluid (the extrachoroidal source), probably produced by the ependyma (Brown et al, 2004;Cserr, 1989;Davson et al, 1987;Johanson et al, 2008;McComb, 1983;Milchorat, 1972;O'Connel, 1970;Pollay, 1975). CSF is formed by the secretory activity of the choroid plexuses inside the brain ventricles.…”

Section: Cerebrospinal Fluid Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of hydrocephalus and classical hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics: Facts and illusions

Orešković

Klarica

2011

Progress in Neurobiology

122

111

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“…There is an assumption that the CSF is formed mainly by the secretory activity of choroid plexuses in the brain ventricles, and that the majority of the remaining CSF is probably produced by the ependyma (Brown et al, 2004;Davson et al, 1987;Johanson et al, 2008;McComb, 1983;O'Connel, 1970). It is generally accepted that CSF flows/circulates unidirectional from the brain ventricles to the subarachnoid space with the exchange of various substances (more or less manifested) between the CSF and interstitial compartments (Davson, 1967;Davson et al, 1987;Johanson et al, 2008;Plum and Siesjö, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of cerebrospinal fluid: Nearly a hundred years of interpretations and misinterpretations

Orešković

Klarica

2010

Brain Research Reviews

296

274

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Recent research into the nature of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption

Abstract: Recent information regarding the nature of bulk cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption is reviewed, integrated with previous knowledge, and applied to the clinical setting.

Cited by 304 publications

References 149 publications

Reduction of Infarct Volume by Magnesium after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Reduction of Infarct Volume by Magnesium after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Development of hydrocephalus and classical hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics: Facts and illusions

The formation of cerebrospinal fluid: Nearly a hundred years of interpretations and misinterpretations

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