Recent Progress on the Isolation and Detection Methods of Exosomes

Abstract

Exosomes are known as one of extracellular vesicles, which are found in various body fluids and released by cells. As transport carrier, exosomes participate actively in intercellular communication and reflect their characteristics uniquely to the origin cells. Due to their unique biological physical properties and physiological functions, exosomes are considered to be one of best biomarkers of cancer diagnosis. At the same time, exosomes are potential therapeutic targets and drug delivery carriers. Therefore, the characteristics, functions and analytical methods of exosomes have increasingly attracted wide attention among scientists. In this review, the recent research progress on the basic characteristics and functional applications of exosomes are summarized. Furthermore and importantly, this review focuses on the recent advance in the purification and test methods of exosomes in recent years. Finally, issues pertaining to exosome detection are presented. Based on newly discovered characteristic of exosomes, the opportunities and challenges for future research of the purification and quantitative detection methods are outlined.

Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsies: Potential for Disease Diagnosis

“…A range of analytical techniques can extract valuable information from the heterogeneous EV biocargo ( Figure 3 ). These techniques include SDS-PAGE, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, microfluidic assays, and mass spectrometry- (MS-) based proteomic analysis, all of which are used for protein analysis; nucleic acid sequencing, which is applied for nucleic acid analysis; and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to MS (LC-MS and GC-MS), which are able to analyze lipid species in EVs [ 34 – 36 ].…”

The basic characteristics of extracellular vesicles and their potential application in bone sarcomas

“…Electron microscopy is the gold standard for morphological detection of extracellular vesicles [34,35]. The resolution of the transmission electron microscope is 1 ~ 3 nm, and the resolution of the scanning electron microscope is 5 nm.…”

“…Flow cytometry is an important method to analyze extracellular vesicles [34,35]. Flow cytometric analysis sorts Fig.…”

RNA Drug Delivery Using Biogenic Nanovehicles for Cancer Therapy

“…The ultrahighspeed centrifugation techniques can separate exosomes and other components based on their differences in density and size under different centrifugal forces, whereas the co-precipitation techniques achieve this using the hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), which can decrease the solubility of exosomes. However, both methods have some disadvantages, such as time-consuming protocols, costly instrumentation, low recovery, and low purity for ultracentrifugation and difficulty in scaling and low purity for co-precipitation (Jiang et al, 2020). To realize the large-scale production, the exosome-mimics nanovesicles prepared by serial extrusion of cells has been reported (Figure 8) (Lunavat et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2016).…”