Recent Progress on Intercalation‐Based Anode Materials for Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Intercalation‐based anode materials can be considered as the most promising anode candidates for large‐scale sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), owing to their long‐term cycling stability and environmental friendliness, as well as their natural abundance. Nevertheless, their low energy density, low initial coulombic efficiency, and poor cycling lifespan, as well as sluggish sodium diffusion dynamics are still the main issues for the application of intercalation‐based anode materials in SIBs in terms of meeting the benchmark requirements for commercialization. Over the past few years, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improving the performance of SIBs. In this Review, recent progress in the development of intercalation‐based anode materials, including TiO2, Li4Ti5O12, Na2Ti3O7, and NaTi2(PO4)3, is summarized in terms of their sodium storage performance, critical issues, sodiation/desodiation behavior, and effective strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance. Additionally, challenges and perspectives are provided to further understand these intercalation‐based anode materials.

The prospect and challenges of sodium‐ion batteries for low‐temperature conditions

“…However, the poor electronic conductivity and low discharge-specific capacity limited their applications. [77] The NASICON-structured NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 with a 3D open framework structure is expected as a promising candidate material for low-temperature SIBs due to its excellent ionic conductivity and stable crystal structure. A nanocomposite of carbon nanotube (CNT) decorated NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 @C was explored with a specific capacity was 62.2 mAh g −1 at 10 C under −20°C, combining the multiple advantages of CNT interconnected network and the NASICON structure.…”

“…However, the poor electronic conductivity and low discharge‐specific capacity limited their applications. [ 77 ]…”

Trash to treasure: recycling discarded agarose gel for practical Na/K-ion batteries

“…[20][21][22] Compared to cathode materials, anode materials determine the full cell performance of both SIBs and PIBs, which is contrary to LIBs with commercial graphite serving as an ideal anode material. [23][24][25] Currently, based on the reaction mechanism, the reported anode materials can be mainly classied into ve categories, including carbonaceous materials, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] alloying-type, [37][38][39][40][41][42] conversion-type, [43][44][45] intercalation-type, [46][47][48][49] and organics. [50][51][52] Although signicant progress in capacity, cyclability and rate capability have been achieved, several issues still exist: (i) Conversion and intercalation anodes deliver a high theoretical capacity but encounter poor cyclability.…”

P-doped porous carbon derived from walnut shell for zinc ion hybrid capacitors

“…19,20 Although the sodium/potassium-ion batteries that have emerged in recent years also show excellent energy storage performance, they suffer from a low power density. [21][22][23][24][25][26] Due to the high conductivity and energy provided by multivalent cations, pure metals can be directly used as electrode materials. [27][28][29][30] Theoretically, the sensitive induction between electrons and the redox reaction between metal cations and electrodes provide a steady electrochemical foundation for energy storage devices assembled based on metal electrodes with a large energy density and outstanding cycling stability.…”