Recent Progress in Synthesis and Application of Biomass‐Based Hybrid Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract

The rapid growth in electronic and portable devices demands safe, durable, light weight, low cost, high energy, and power density electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. In this context, biomass-based materials and their hybrids are extensively used for energy generation research, which is primarily due to their properties such as large specific surface area, fast ion/ electron kinetics, restricted volume expansion, and restrained shuttle effect. In this review, the key advancements in the preparation of biomass derived porous carbons using different synthesis strategies and their modifications with species such as heteroatoms, metal oxides, metal sulfides, silicon, and other carbon forms are discussed. The electrochemical performances of these materials and the ion storage mechanisms in different batteries including lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, and potassium-ion batteries are discussed. Special attention will be paid to the challenges in using porous biomass-derived carbons and the current strategies employed for maximizing the specific capacity and lifetime for battery applications. Finally, the drawbacks in current technology and endeavors for the future research and development in the field to catapult the performances of the biomass derived materials in order to equip them to meet the demands of commercialization are highlighted.

Mesoporous Carbon-Based Materials: A Review of Synthesis, Modification, and Applications

“…Among them, mesoporous carbon structures with a broad or narrow distribution of pores have recently attracted enormous attention in different fields because of high specific surface area, good chemical and mechanical properties, high thermal stability, large pore volume, and uniform and controllable porous structure. These outstanding properties enable mesoporous structures to be excellent candidates for various practical applications, including as a catalyst and its support, adsorption and separation, energy conversion and storage, environmental remediation, drug delivery, and biomedical applications [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. At first, mesopores in carbon structures were produced by enlarging micropores via oxidation during activation process, such as activated carbons, or at the interstices between carbon particles, such as carbon aerogels.…”

Recent Advances in Carbon‐Based Electrodes for Energy Storage and Conversion

“…However, the limitations in terms of low energy density, low power density, and/or low durability are the confronting issues that need to be addressed on an ongoing basis. [3,[23][24][25][26][27] In particular, under high cyclability and load, batteries with the anode coating of inorganic materials catch fire. In this context, carbon-based nanostructures have emerged as leading materials in energy storage and conversion technologies due to their electrical, mechanical, and optical properties, easily tunable morphologies, high surface area, and high thermal and chemical stabilities.…”

Vine Shoots‐Derived Hard Carbons as Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Role of Annealing Temperature in Regulating Their Structure and Morphology

“…In this context, hard carbons (HCs) with larger interlayer spacing than that of graphite are the most promising and widely investigated candidates, since they can storage Na + in their surface functionalities, defects, and pseudographitic domains. [4,5] Hard carbons derived from biomass waste resources (such as oatmeal, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, banana peels, peanut shells, apple pomace, and corncob) received extensive attention due to superior reversible capacities as well as cost and sustainability considerations. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The natural microstructure of biomass remains after carbonization, providing a large number of defects and pores together with randomly oriented pseudographitic domains.…”

“…Since the electrochemical intercalation of Na + into graphite is hampered due to thermodynamical issues, [3] alternative anode materials to those commonly used in lithium‐ion batteries need to be developed. In this context, hard carbons (HCs) with larger interlayer spacing than that of graphite are the most promising and widely investigated candidates, since they can storage Na + in their surface functionalities, defects, and pseudographitic domains [4,5] …”