Recent Advances in Carbon‐Based Electrodes for Energy Storage and Conversion

Abstract

Carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes, are attracting significant attention as promising materials for next-generation energy storage and conversion applications. They possess unique physicochemical properties, such as structural stability and flexibility, high porosity, and tunable physicochemical features, which render them well suited in these hot research fields. Technological advances at atomic and electronic levels are crucial for developing more efficient and durable devices. This comprehensive review provides a state-of-the-art overview of these advanced carbon-based nanomaterials for various energy storage and conversion applications, focusing on supercapacitors, lithium as well as sodium-ion batteries, and hydrogen evolution reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the strategies employed to enhance performance through nonmetallic elemental doping of N, B, S, and P in either individual doping or codoping, as well as structural modifications such as the creation of defect sites, edge functionalization, and inter-layer distance manipulation, aiming to provide the general guidelines for designing these devices by the above approaches to achieve optimal performance. Furthermore, this review delves into the challenges and future prospects for the advancement of carbon-based electrodes in energy storage and conversion.

Structural Effects of Crumpled Graphene and Recent Developments in Comprehensive Sensor Applications: A Review

“…[82] According to Kothandam et al, the best adsorption energy is displayed by graphene flaws because of their larger active surface area. [140] In addition, it is anticipated that the along with-deposited CGO thin films with the highest amount of functional groups that contain oxygen would have superior performance. [53]…”

Activating biomass carbon with metallurgical slag by pyrolysis in molten salt for high-performance supercapacitors

“…1–4 However, the most promising sustainable energies such as solar, wind, and hydro energy are highly intermittent, which means that storing the generated electricity from these fluctuating energies is in great need for promising a steady energy supply. 5–7…”

“…In addition to non-metallic elements, doping metallic elements can increase the capacitance of carbon materials for supercapacitors. 6,10,11,33 However, the biomass contains negligible metallic elements, greatly limiting the further capacitance enhancement of biomass carbon for the supercapacitor. 7 On the other hand, metallurgical slags commonly contain many useless metallic elements.…”

Strategies for Improving the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Carbon Nitride‐Based Catalysts

“…In comparison, only 3.9% from water‐splitting electrolysis, and 0.1% from other sources. [ 4–7 ] There is a huge market for green hydrogen technologies combined with solar energy harvest. [ 8,9 ]…”