Recent Progress in Non-Enzymatic Electroanalytical Detection of Pesticides Based on the Use of Functional Nanomaterials as Electrode Modifiers

Abstract

This review presents recent advances in the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection and quantification of pesticides, focusing on the use of nanomaterial-based electrode modifiers and their corresponding analytical response. The use of bare glassy carbon electrodes, carbon paste electrodes, screen-printed electrodes, and other electrodes in this research area is presented. The sensors were modified with single nanomaterials, a binary composite, or triple and multiple nanocomposites applied to the electrodes’ surfaces using various application techniques. Regardless of the type of electrode used and the class of pesticides analysed, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles are investigated mainly for electrochemical analysis because they have a high surface-to-volume ratio and, thus, a large effective area, high conductivity, and (electro)-chemical stability. This work demonstrates the progress made in recent years in the non-enzymatic electrochemical analysis of pesticides. The need for simultaneous detection of multiple pesticides with high sensitivity, low limit of detection, high precision, and high accuracy remains a challenge in analytical chemistry.

New Trends in Uric Acid Electroanalysis

“…Non-enzymatic sensors are the most common electroanalysis device for detection of urinary compounds, but biosensors are a feasible alternative [26]. Some common modifications of sensors include using glassy carbon electrodes, graphene oxide electrodes or carbon nanotubes [26].…”

“…Graphene oxide (GO) [27,28,[30][31][32][33][34][35] and other composites [27,29,32,34,35] can be used for improving the glassy carbon electrode through surface modifications. Graphene oxide has useful electrochemical properties [29], such as hydrophilicity [36], and facile biomolecule adsorption and electron transfer [26,37]. Moreover, graphene hybrids and their bio-derivates offer great biocompatibility and improved chemical interaction with viable cells, but with some limitations [38].…”

Recent Progress in Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Food Monitoring

“…Generally, an electrode can incorporate diverse nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, graphene, metal, and oxide nanoparticles to improve analytical performance due to their conductive properties and biocompatibility [ 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 ]. The electroanalytical sensors can be modified with single nanomaterials, a binary composite, or triple and multiple nanocomposites [ 188 ].…”

Electrochemical Biosensing of L-DOPA Using Tyrosinase Immobilized on Carboxymethyl Starch-Graft-Polyaniline@MWCNTs Nanocomposite

“…With the progress in nanotechnology, nanoscale materials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocomposites have been considered immobilizing matrices [8]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most widely-used nanomaterials in the development of biosensors and multifunctional nanocomposites due to their excellent stability in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, fast electron transfer, and high mechanical strength [9]. The high surface-to-volume ratio provides a suitable matrix for more immobilization of biomolecules on their surface [10][11][12].…”