Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis

Lee, Ai-Young

doi:10.1111/pcmr.12404

Cited by 150 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 113 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

131

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The cause of melasma remains unknown; however, there are many possible contributing factors, such as genetic predisposition, endocrine dysfunction, use of oral contraceptive pills, pregnancy, exposure to sunlight, improper cosmetics, and excessive scrubbing of the face. [12] The underlying mechanism of melasma is thought to be related to hyperproliferation of melanocytes, increased synthesis of melanin, local inflammation, and impaired skin barrier function. [12] Until now, melasma has lacked specific, effective therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of functional microarray of microneedles combined with topical tranexamic acid for melasma

Ma²,

Juliandri³

et al. 2017

Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To evaluate the efficacy of a functional microarray of microneedles (MNs) plus topical tranexamic acid (TA) for melasma in middle-aged women in China.Thirty female subjects with melasma were enrolled in this study. The left or right side of the face was chosen randomly to be pretreated with a functional microarray of MNs, followed by topical 0.5% TA solution once per week for 12 weeks. The other half-face was the control, treated with a sham device plus topical 0.5% TA solution. At baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 of treatment, clinical (photographic) evaluations and parameters determined by Visia were recorded. At baseline and week 12, patient satisfaction scores and the biophysical parameters measured by Mexameter were also recorded. Side effects were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the 12 weeks.In total, 28 women (93.3%) completed the study. The brown spots’ scores measured by Visia were significantly lower on the combined therapy side than on the control side at 12 weeks after starting treatment; there was no significant difference between sides at 4 or 8 weeks. After 12 weeks, melanin index (MI) decreased significantly in both 2 groups, and the MI was significantly less on the combined side at week 12. Transepidermal water loss, roughness, skin hydration, skin elasticity, and erythema index showed no significant differences between 2 sides at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment. Physicians’ evaluations of photographs showed better results at week 12 with combined therapy: >25% improvement was observed in the MNs plus TA side in 25 patients, and in the TA side in only 10 patients. Subjective satisfaction scores on both sides increased significantly. The participants were more satisfied with the results of the combined therapy side than the control side. No obvious adverse reactions were observed throughout the study.Combined therapy with a functional microarray of MNs and topical TA solution is a promising treatment for melasma.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of functional microarray of microneedles combined with topical tranexamic acid for melasma

Ma²,

Juliandri³

et al. 2017

Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is currently no definite etiology but multiple factors including ultraviolet radiation, hormonal alterations within the estrogen or progesterone pathways, genetic predisposition, and/or inflammation have all been implicated and recently reviewed (Lee, 2015). Melasma may also have a vascular component as some studies have found melasma-affected skin to have increased vascularity (Kwon et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of laser and light therapy in melasma

Trivedi

Yang

Cho³

2017

International Journal of Women's Dermatology

131

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Melasma is a dysregulation of the homeostatic mechanisms that control skin pigmentation and excess pigment is produced. Traditional treatment approaches with topical medications and chemical peels are commonly used but due to the refractory and recurrent nature of melasma, patients often seek alternative treatment strategies such as laser and light therapy. Several types of laser and light therapy have been studied in the treatment of melasma. Intense pulsed light, low fluence Q-switched lasers, and non-ablative fractionated lasers are the most common lasers and light treatments that are currently performed. They all appear effective but there is a high level of recurrence with time and some techniques are associated with an increased risk for postinflammatory hyper- or hypopigmentation. The number and frequency of treatments varies by device type but overall, Q-switched lasers require the greatest number of treatment applications to see a benefit. Vascular-specific lasers do not appear to be effective for the treatment of melasma. Ablative fractionated lasers should be used with caution because they have a very high risk for postinflammatory hypo- and hyperpigmentation. The use of nonablative fractionated laser treatments compared with other laser and light options may result in slightly longer remission intervals. Picosecond lasers, fractional radiofrequency, and laser-assisted drug delivery are promising future approaches to treat melasma. The goal of this review is to summarize the efficacy and safety of the most commonly used laser and light therapies to treat melasma, briefly present future laser-based treatment options for patients with melasma, and provide recommendations for treatment on the basis of the reviewed information.

show abstract

“…l -tyrosine and l -dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA), major substrates of melanogenic enzymes, also function as hormone-like regulators in melanogenesis [7]. On the other hand, the overproduction of melanin results in undesirable skin concerns such as freckles and melasma [8,9]. Melanogenesis can affect the behavior of normal and malignant melanocytes by modulating the elastic properties of the cells [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, schisandrin A and C have anti-oxidative effects, while schisandrin B has anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities [25]. Another lignan compound Gomisin N (Figure 1A) has been reported to suppress oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and Ca 2+ -induced mitochondrial permeability transition in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes [7,8]. Interestingly, several studies using mouse models and human skin cell lines have revealed the therapeutic potential of S. chinensis for treating skin disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, several studies using mouse models and human skin cell lines have revealed the therapeutic potential of S. chinensis for treating skin disorders. Lee et al reported that the methanol extract of S. chinensis fruit alleviated contact dermatitis symptoms by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ when topically applied [8,24]. Kang et al showed that Schisandra fructus water extract inhibited IκB activation, thereby suppressing the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and GM-CSF in the human mast cell line HMC-1 [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gomisin N Inhibits Melanogenesis through Regulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways in Melanocytes

Chae

Subedi

Jeong

et al. 2017

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gomisin N, one of the lignan compounds found in Schisandra chinensis has been shown to possess anti-oxidative, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory activities in various studies. Here we report, for the first time, the anti-melenogenic efficacy of Gomisin N in mammalian cells as well as in zebrafish embryos. Gomisin N significantly reduced the melanin content without cellular toxicity. Although it was not capable of modulating the catalytic activity of mushroom tyrosinase in vitro, Gomisin N downregulated the expression levels of key proteins that function in melanogenesis. Gomisin N downregulated melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), adenylyl cyclase 2, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). In addition, Gomisin N-treated Melan-A cells exhibited increased p-Akt and p-ERK levels, which implies that the activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways may function to inhibit melanogenesis. We also validated that Gomisin N reduced melanin production by repressing the expression of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in mouse and human cells as well as in developing zebrafish embryos. Collectively, we conclude that Gomisin N inhibits melanin synthesis by repressing the expression of MITF and melanogenic enzymes, probably through modulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.

show abstract

Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis

Cited by 150 publications

References 113 publications

Efficacy of functional microarray of microneedles combined with topical tranexamic acid for melasma

Efficacy of functional microarray of microneedles combined with topical tranexamic acid for melasma

A review of laser and light therapy in melasma

Gomisin N Inhibits Melanogenesis through Regulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways in Melanocytes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About