Recent Progress in Graphite Intercalation Compounds for Rechargeable Metal (Li, Na, K, Al)‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density are very necessary to meet the increasing demand for devices with better performance. With the commercial success of lithiated graphite, other graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) have also been intensively reported, not only for LIBs, but also for other metal (Na, K, Al) ion batteries. In this Progress Report, we briefly review the application of GICs as anodes and cathodes in metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries. After a brief introduction on the development history of GICs, the electrochemistry of cationic GICs and anionic GICs is summarized. We further briefly summarize the use of cationic GICs and anionic GICs in alkali ion batteries and the use of anionic GICs in aluminium‐ion batteries. Finally, we reach some conclusions on the drawbacks, major progress, emerging challenges, and some perspectives on the development of GICs for metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries. Further development of GICs for metal (Li, Na, K, Al) ion batteries is not only a strong supplement to the commercialized success of lithiated‐graphite for LIBs, but also an effective strategy to develop diverse high‐energy batteries for stationary energy storage in the future.

Hard Carbon as Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Progress and Challenges

“…Furthermore, the reversible cointercalation of the t‐GIC has long‐term stability in SIBs, but fast fading in LIBs due to structural differences of the t‐GIC . Because t‐GIC can transport across the HC surface at a fast rate, concerns were raised about the actual role of the SEI for HC, the thickness of which should be controlled to a certain degree to prohibit electrolyte decomposition, but not affect the cation or t‐GIC transport …”

Strategien für kostengünstige und leistungsstarke Dual‐Ionen‐Batterien

“…Die Definition der Stufen beruht auf der Annahme, dass im defektfreien Graphitgitter eine kontinuierliche GIC‐Phase vorliegt . Graphitkathoden mit unterschiedlicher Stufenzahl (Stufe 1 bis Stufe 4) sind in Abbildung schematisch dargestellt . Der periodisch wiederkehrende Abstand ( I c ), die Galeriehöhe bei Interkalation ( d i ) und die Galerieausdehnung (Δ d ) werden durch die folgende Gleichung beschrieben [Gl.…”

Chemically Prelithiated Hard‐Carbon Anode for High Power and High Capacity Li‐Ion Batteries

“…These insufficiencies are intrinsically originated from the electrode‐active materials used in current LIBs. For example, graphitic carbon anodes served in present LIBs technology have a theoretical capacity of only 372 mAh g −1 (corresponding to a saturated lithium composition of LiC 6 ) and poor Li‐ion transport rate (10 −12 –10 −14 cm 2 s −1 ) due to their regular arrangement of graphite layers . To address this capacity insufficiency of the anode, significant efforts have been devoted in the past decade to develop Li‐storable alloy anodes such as silicon, phosphorus, and tin as high‐capacity alternatives to graphitic anode.…”