Recent progress in analytical capillary ITP

Abstract

ITP is an electrophoretic technique that has been attracting constant attention for many years due to its pronounced capability to concentrate trace analytes by several orders of magnitude. In practice, it is used predominantly in capillary format, where the capillaries used have id ranging between 0.02 and 0.8 mm. The volumes of the samples introduced may be up to several tens of microliters and trace analytes diluted in such a volume are concentrated into zones having volumes in the range of picoliters. Moreover, it offers simultaneously efficient separation of the analytes. That is why ITP retains its important position in many current multistage and multidimensional separation schemes where it is used always as the starting step that brings preseparation and concentration of sample components. This article links up previous reviews on the topic and summarizes the progress of analytical capillary ITP since 2006; 90 reviewed papers include theory and methodological novelties as well as analytical applications. Papers using ITP as part of multistage separation schemes are also included.

Transport and separation of micron sized particles at isotachophoretic transition zones

“…1 Due to its possibility for miniaturization and reduced sample consumption, it has spawned increased interest within the lab-on-a-chip community in the past decade. 2 In this paper, we show that isotachophoresis bears a much larger potential than known from previous work.…”

Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples

“…), the chiral CE separation systems with high performance variability can be created. Thus, the separations of enantiomeric couples of a wide scale of polarities, charges, and sizes can be easily accomplished [42,[102][103][104][166][167][168], see examples in Section 2.2.4 and Table 1. In CE, the improved separation enantioselectivity of charged solutes can be observed, in many cases, with oppositely charged chiral selectors compared with neutral ones as it was mentioned from the complex formation point of view in Section 2.1.1 (where CDs were used as examples).…”

“…On the other hand, one interesting possibility of sensitive analyses of complex matrices samples with the aid of conductivity detection is its implementation into column-coupled CE-CE systems, see examples in ref. [166]. Conductivity detectors in ITP produce staircase signal, resistance (or conductivity) versus migration time, in which the relative high of step is constant for a given analyte under given separation conditions (qualitative parameter independent of analysis time).…”

Selected Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as a Terminating Electrolyte in Isotachophoresis

“…Isotachophoresis (ITP) with direct conductivity detection is a useful and powerful method for high-sensitivity determination of both anionic and cationic species in environmental analysis of waters (Blatny, Kvasnicka, and Kenndler 1997;Bodor et al 2001;Polonsky, Horvathova, and Panik 1987;Praus 2004;Kvasnicka et al 2005;Hutta et al 1989;Gebauer, Mala, and Bocek 2009;Kosobucki 2006), wastewaters (Kosobucki 2001), sewage sludges and composts (Kosobucki 2003), and can be successfully used in ionic species [eg., ionic liquids (Kosobucki 2008a)] analysis.…”