Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples

Abstract

An analysis of recent trends indicates that CE can show real advantages over chromatographic methods in ultratrace enantioselective determination of biologically active compounds in complex biological matrices. It is due to high separation efficiency and many applicable in-capillary electromigration effects in CE (countercurrent migration, stacking effects) enhancing significantly (enantio)separability and enabling effective sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, analyte derivatization). Other possible on-line combinations of CE, such as column coupled CE-CE techniques and implementation of nonelectrophoretic techniques (extraction, membrane filtration, flow injection) into CE, offer additional approaches for highly effective sample preparation and separation. CE matured to a highly flexible and compatible technique enabling its hyphenation with powerful detection systems allowing extremely sensitive detection (e.g. LIF) and/or structural characterization of analytes (e.g. MS). Within the last decade, more as well as less conventional analytical on-line approaches have been effectively utilized in this field and their practical potentialities are demonstrated on many new application examples in this article. Here, three basic areas of (enantioselective) drug bioanalysis are highlighted and supported by a brief theoretical description of each individual approach in a compact review structure (to create integrated view on the topic), including (i) progressive enantioseparation approaches and new enantioselective agents, (ii) in-capillary sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, derivatization), and (iii) detection possibilities related to enhanced sensitivity and structural characterization.

Chiral analysis of amphetamines, methadone and metabolites in biological samples by electrodriven methods

“…Perhaps the most clinically oriented paper regarding the enantioselective determination of MD [66] has been published by Esteban et al [67]: they demonstrated the use of chiral CE for the detection of clinical interactions between MD and antiretroviral drugs. The enantioseparation was obtained using 0.2% highly sulphated b-cyclodextrin as the selector and the effect of buffer pH and temperature was studied, resulting in the fast separation of MD and EDDP enantiomers (4 min).…”

Investigation of Enantiomeric Separation of Chiral Drugs by CE Using Cu(II)–Clindamycin Complex as a Novel Chiral Selector

“…In order to acquire the optimum clindamycin concentration for the chiral separations of the studied drugs, we tested six different concentrations (5,10,15,20,25, and 30 mM); the molar ratio of copper(II) to clindamycin was kept at 1:2 (pH 9.06).…”

“…At present, liquid chromatography (LC) still dominates chromatographic enantiomeric analyses in industry [5][6][7]. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has greatly contributed to this field and a number of separation systems have been established for various kinds of chiral drugs.…”

Application of Micro-Fluidic Devices for Biomarker Analysis in Human Biological Fluids

“…There have been several recent reviews written on the technique and it's applications in numerous research areas. (Siminonato et al, 2010;Ryan et al, 2010;El Rassi, 2010;Mikus & Maráková, 2009) The term capillary electrophoresis is a broad term used to refer to a variety of techniques that exploit the application of a voltage across a capillary to achieve separation of analytes. CE systems are both lab built and commercially available from numerous companies and can be coupled to a wide variety of detectors, such as mass spectrometry (MS), UV/Vis and laser induced fluorescence (LIF).…”