Recent Improvement of the Design of the ITER Steady-State Magnetic Sensors

Entler, Slavomír; Kočan, M.; Ďuran, I.; Vayakis, G.; Lucca, F.; Viganò, F.; Cantu, R.

doi:10.1109/tps.2018.2795243

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A significant achievement of the research program is the developed steady-state magnetic field diagnostics based on the temperature and radiation resistant Hall sensors with the sensitive layer made of bismuth, which has been approved for ITER already [ 15 ]. Bismuth provides a suitable temperature operation range, high radiation resistance of the sensors as well as a relatively high output signal [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. At the time of writing this article, the sensors for ITER are being calibrated, and the process of installation into the reactor will begin in 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Entler

Šobáň

Ďuran

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Ceramic-chromium Hall sensors represent a temperature and radiation resistant alternative to Hall sensors based on semiconductors. Demand for these sensors is presently motivated by the ITER and DEMO nuclear fusion projects. The developed ceramic-chromium Hall sensors were tested up to a temperature of 550 °C and a magnetic field of 14 T. The magnitude of the sensitivity of the tested sensor was 6.2 mV/A/T at 20 °C and 4.6 mV/A/T at 500 °C. The sensitivity was observed to be weakly dependent on a temperature above 240 °C with an average temperature coefficient of 0.014%/°C and independent of the magnetic field with a relative average deviation below the measurement accuracy of 0.086%. A simulation of a neutron-induced transmutation was performed to assess changes in the composition of the chromium. After 5.2 operational years of the DEMO fusion reactor, the transmuted fraction of the chromium sensitive layer was found to be 0.27% at the most exposed sensor location behind the divertor cassette with a neutron fluence of 6.08 × 1025 n/m2. The ceramic-chromium Hall sensors show the potential to be suitable magnetic sensors for environments with high temperatures and strong neutron radiation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Entler

Šobáň

Ďuran

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Consequently, only few products were and are to date commercially available, and their specifications do not match the required fluence and maximum survival temperature. Significant R & D was hence carried out in the last two decades to develop Hall sensors resistant to fusion environment [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, extensive R & D has been carried out in the last decade, and is ongoing, aimed at developing Hall sensors able to survive harsher conditions, corresponding to the ex-vessel and invessel environment of BPXs and DEMOs. The materials considered are in particular metals and carbon allotropes (doped diamond and graphene) [23][24][25][26][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. The main advantages of metals are in general resistance to much larger neutron fluence and capability to operate at high temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long term operation of the radiation-hard Hall probes system and the path toward a high performance hybrid magnetic field sensor

Quercia

Pironti²,

Bolshakova³

et al. 2022

Nucl. Fusion

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The paper reports a systematic assessment of the Radiation-hard Hall Probes (RHP) magnetic diagnostic system of the JET tokamak, which is based on InSb semiconductor thin ﬁlms, and describes the path that lead to the proposal of an innovative magnetic probe concept. A relevant account of RHP operation during the recent Deuterium-Tritium experimental campaign (DTE2) is also provided, showing correct operation under ITER-like intense neutron ﬂux. The period considered for the systematic assessment of the RHP system ranges from October 2009 to March 2021, during which the machine produced more than 19000 pulses. The RHP system consists of six three-dimensional Hall probes, which have built-in recalibration capability, thanks to the presence of microsolenoids that produce a local known ﬁeld during a tailored automatic pre-pulse calibration sequence, that can also be initiated manually. During pulses, the microsolenoids can also be used as inductive sensors as their signals are recorded as well. Moreover, the system provides temperature measurements at the location of the probes, which are continuously recorded too. The assessment demonstrates accurate long-term operation of the RHP system. All the diagnostic channels reliably provide pre-pulse calibration data and pulse signals and the original sensitivities of the Hall sensors are preserved. Integration considerations and a data fusion analysis lead to the proposal of a high performance, compact, broadband, hybrid ﬁeld probe, consisting of the combination of an inductive coil and a Hall sensor, to be manufactured by means of the coil technology developed for ITER or an alternative concept with improved radiation-hardness. The hybrid probe is expected to deliver the advantages of both inductive and Hall sensing technologies, essentially in the same package size of a single ITER magnetic discrete probe. In particular, it would solve the problem of the drift of the integrator for long lasting burning plasma discharges. The signals produced by the coil and the Hall sensor, processed by means of a Luenberger-Kalman observer, provide a magnetic ﬁeld measurement which is non-drifting and low-noise. For these reasons, the hybrid probe has been proposed as the potential primary magnetic diagnostic sensor for future burning plasma experiments and demonstration fusion power plants.

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“…The ITER tokamak, currently under construction in Southern France, will be a deuterium-tritium experimental fusion machine aimed at demonstrating the technical feasibility of fusion power [1]. The machine will be equipped with several diagnostics systems [2] spanning a very wide range of working principles: from magnetic loops to optical sensors, from rugged thermocouples to microwave systems [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The diagnostics have generally different measurement targets, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final design of the Fiber-Optic Current Sensor bundle in the ITER buildings

Danisi¹,

Soto²,

Gómez³

et al. 2022

J. Inst.

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The Fiber-Optic Current Sensor (FOCS) will be used in ITER to measure the total plasma current using Faraday effect. Sensing spun fibers will be placed around the Vacuum Vessel (VV) on a poloidal loop in two different VV sectors. To link the loop fibers with the reading instruments, placed several tens of meters away in electrical cabinets, a fiber bundle link is needed. This fiber bundle would start from the tokamak building port-cell, cross several rooms and end in the ITER diagnostics building. The design of such bundle needs to fulfil the unique requirements of ITER buildings, some of them related to safety, such as non-propagation of smoke and fire, as well as maximum allowable leak rate, between two separate rooms. To this regard, the FOCS fiber bundle is classified as a Safety-Relevant (SR) component. To fulfil these requirements, and at the same time achieve a good design using as many Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) components as possible, the fiber bundle design entailed a complete qualification procedure, aimed at benchmarking the use of the selected components against the required constraints. This paper presents the final design and qualification of the FOCS fiber bundle, from the applicable requirements to the final technical solution, benchmarked through careful qualification tests. Being the first work addressing qualification of safety-relevant fiber bundles in ITER buildings, this work is also considered to be relevant for current and future diagnostics in ITER using similar components.

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Recent Improvement of the Design of the ITER Steady-State Magnetic Sensors

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Long term operation of the radiation-hard Hall probes system and the path toward a high performance hybrid magnetic field sensor

Final design of the Fiber-Optic Current Sensor bundle in the ITER buildings

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