“…[1] As one of the typical energy storage devices, LIBs with excellent performance (such as high energy density, high gravimetric and volumetric capacity and long cycle life) play an essential role in overcoming the uneven distribution of limited energy resources. [2] In the exploration of maximising energy and power density of LIBs, great effort has been placed on understanding the fundamental physical and chemical properties of their building blocks (e. g., anodes, [3][4][5] cathodes, [6] separators [7] and electrolytes). [8] There are several key factors related to these building blocks that ultimately determine the performance of LIBs, such as inter-calation of cations, [9] structural evolution, [10] ionic conductivities, [11] and side reactions.…”