Porous carbon–carbon composite electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries synthesized by twin polymerization

Abstract

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical evaluation of composite electrodes – synthesized via twin polymerization – for utilization in vanadium redox flow batteries.

Surface-mediated twin polymerisation of 2,2′-spirobi[4H-1,3,2-benzodioxasiline] on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, polyacrylonitrile particles and copper particles

“…Previously, PAN-based felts were coated by acid-catalysed twin polymerisation, a method, which was not successful for untreated PAN particles. 63 Because the material swells in DIPN, the particles were heated at 250 °C under oxidative conditions prior to surface-mediated TP. The as-obtained black, powdery, thermally treated PAN particles (ttPAN) are insoluble with a changed chemical structure as revealed by solid state NMR (Fig.…”

Flow battery electroanalysis 3: online kinetics measurements using ultramicroelectrodes in channel flow

“…While the ability to measure interfacial electron transfer rates continuously during RFB operation is useful, extending these types of measurements to technologically relevant electrodes remains a key challenge. 97–102 To this end, it is difficult to extract microscopic reaction rates ( e.g. , turnover rate per electrochemical surface area) from the types of porous carbon cloth, paper, or felt electrodes that are used in RFBs.…”

“…96 While the ability to measure interfacial electron transfer rates continuously during RFB operation is useful, extending these types of measurements to technologically relevant electrodes remains a key challenge. [97][98][99][100][101][102] To this end, it is difficult to extract microscopic reaction rates (e.g., turnover rate per electrochemical surface area) from the types of porous carbon cloth, paper, or felt electrodes that are used in RFBs. 103 Alternatively, if the surface chemistry of these materials could be replicated in a nonporous, at electrode conguration, it would be possible to extract k 0 eff values for use in kinetic/transport models to predict the overpotential behavior of porous RFB electrodes.…”

Textile functionalization by combination of twin polymerization and polyalkoxysiloxane‐based sol–gel chemistry

“…[30][31][32][33][34] Furthermore, this type of polymerization can widely be applied for the synthesis of monolithic or powdery hybrid materials as well as for the coating of inorganic particles, like metals or metal oxides or even carbon materials. 25,26,30,[35][36][37][38][39] By addition of polyethoxysiloxane (PEOS) or other silanes also the formation of covalent bonds during the reaction between the inorganic components is expected. This aspect is a subject of the present work.…”

“…It is known that the TM can be polymerized in the presence of suitable reactants like other twin monomers or appropriate additives 30–34 . Furthermore, this type of polymerization can widely be applied for the synthesis of monolithic or powdery hybrid materials as well as for the coating of inorganic particles, like metals or metal oxides or even carbon materials 25,26,30,35–39 . By addition of polyethoxysiloxane (PEOS) or other silanes also the formation of covalent bonds during the reaction between the inorganic components is expected.…”