Recent Diarrhea is Associated with Elevated Salivary IgG Responses to Cryptosporidium in Residents of an Eastern Massachusetts Community

Egorov, Andrey I.; Trimble, L. M. Montuori; Ascolillo, L.; Ward, Honorine; Levy, Deborah A.; Morris, Robin; Naumova, Elena N.; Griffiths, Jeffrey K.

doi:10.1007/s15010-009-9323-4

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Several antigens, aimed at raising immunoglobulin G antibodies, are being developed as vaccine candidates . Some of the best studied are gp 15, cp 15 and cp 23 . The gp 15 antigen is derived from the glycoprotein gp 60, which is cleaved by a parasite serine proteinase into two surface proteins— gp 15 and gp 40, both of which play an essential role in parasite motility and attachment to and invasion of host epithelial cells, and can stimulate γ‐interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of those previously infected .…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—a one health approach to prophylaxis

Ryan

Zahedi

Paparini

2016

Parasite Immunology

215

156

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Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—a one health approach to prophylaxis

Ryan

Zahedi

Paparini

2016

Parasite Immunology

215

156

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“…The purpose of the third criterion was to exclude false immunoconversions due to sample-to-sample variability in low-level salivary antibody responses that could produce occasional four-fold increases between consecutive saliva samples. Specifying flexible age-dependent cut-off values was necessary because average intensities of IgG responses to Cryptosporidium and noroviruses increase with age in children (Blazevic et al 2016;Egorov et al 2010). Agespecific cut-offs were set at the upper prediction bound of a penalized B-spline regression of log-transformed IgG responses on age using the SAS procedure transreg as described previously (Egorov et al 2010).…”

Section: Statistical Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifying flexible age-dependent cut-off values was necessary because average intensities of IgG responses to Cryptosporidium and noroviruses increase with age in children (Blazevic et al 2016;Egorov et al 2010). Agespecific cut-offs were set at the upper prediction bound of a penalized B-spline regression of log-transformed IgG responses on age using the SAS procedure transreg as described previously (Egorov et al 2010). The second and third immunoconversion definitions involved cut-off values based on the upper one-sided 80% and 90% prediction bounds, respectively.…”

Section: Statistical Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum IgG responses to immunodominant Cryptosporidium antigens have been used as an indicator of incident infections in prospective study settings (Priest et al 2005). Salivary IgG responses (but not salivary IgA responses) to the recombinant immunodominant gp15 antigen of Cryptosporidium have been linked with symptoms of gastroenteritis in a community study in Massachusetts (Egorov et al 2010). Prospective serological studies utilized seroconversion to the same antigen as a biomarker of incident Cryptosporidium infections (Kattula et al 2017;Sarkar et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections

et al. 2018

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Quantifying sporadic waterborne infections in community settings can be challenging. Salivary antibody immunoassays are a promising non-invasive tool that can be used in prospective studies of common infections, especially those involving children. This study was conducted in a Massachusetts city, which uses a microbiologically contaminated river as its water source, during summer-early winter periods before and after construction of a new drinking water treatment plant. Monthly saliva samples (7480 samples from 1170 children and 816 adults) were analyzed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to recombinant proteins of Cryptosporidium, one genogroup I (GI) and two GII noroviruses. Immunoconversion was defined as at least four-fold increase in specific antibody responses between two monthly samples with a post-conversion response above a flexible age-dependent cut-off. Episodes of gastroenteritis (diarrhea or vomiting or cramps) were associated with 3.2 (95% confidence limits 1.1; 9.5) adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium; episodes of combined diarrhea and vomiting symptoms were associated with 3.5 (0.8; 15.0) and 4.6 (1.7; 12.6) aORs of an immunoconversion to GI and GII noroviruses, respectively. Swimming in natural water bodies or chlorinated pools was associated with 2.3 (0.4; 15.4) and 4.9 (1.6; 15.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium, respectively. In a subset of study participants who did not use home water filters, consumption of at least some amount of non-boiled tap water reported in a monthly recall survey was associated with 11.1 (1.2; 100.0) and 0.6 (0.1; 2.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium before and after the new water treatment plant construction, respectively. Among individuals who used home water filters, associations between non-boiled tap water consumption and Cryptosporidium immunoconversion were not significant before and after new plant construction with aORs of 0.8 (0.2; 3.3) and 0.3 (0.1; 1.6), respectively. The interaction effect of study phase and non-boiled tap water consumption on Cryptosporidium immunoconversions was statistically significant in the entire study population with aOR of 5.4 (1.1; 25.6). This was the first study that has used a salivary antibody immunoassay to demonstrate significant associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and Cryptosporidium and norovirus infections, and between water-related exposures and Cryptosporidium infections.

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“…These attributes could help fill gaps in infectious disease surveillance in populations typically underrepresented in health research including those in remote and resource-limited settings and children and pregnant women. Tests using oral fluid have been developed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [10, 11], hepatitis A virus [12], hepatitis C virus [12–14], norovirus [15, 16], Cryptosporidium parvum [15–17], cytomegalovirus [18], Helicobacter pylori [15], and Toxoplasma gondii [19, 20] and been shown to yield similar sensitivities and specificities as serum-based ELISAs to assess past and recent infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection

Pisanic

Rahman

Saha

et al. 2017

Journal of Immunological Methods

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among pregnant women. In clinical settings blood-based testing protocols are commonly used to diagnose HEV infection, but in community settings such invasive sampling can hinder study participation and limit discovery of the ecology and natural history of HEV infection. Oral fluid is a non-invasive biospecimen that can harbor pathogen-specific antibodies and has the potential to replace blood-based testing protocols. Objectives To develop an immunoassay to assess past and recent HEV infection that uses oral fluid instead of serum or plasma. Methods The assay was validated using paired oral fluid and serum samples collected from 141 patients who presented either with (n=76) or without (n=65) symptoms of acute viral hepatitis at a clinical diagnostics center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV IgG (past HEV infection) and HEV IgA (recent HEV infection) antibodies was calculated in reference to Wantai’s (Beijing Wantai) serum-based HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV-IgG antibodies were 98.7% and 98.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV IgA were 89.5% and 98.3%, respectively. Conclusions The high concordance of our non-invasive oral fluid-based immunoassays (HEV IgG and HEV IgA) with commercial high-performance serum HEV ELISA kits (IgG and IgM) means that population-based surveillance of past and recent HEV infection could be expanded to improve our understanding of its ecology and natural history.

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Recent Diarrhea is Associated with Elevated Salivary IgG Responses to Cryptosporidium in Residents of an Eastern Massachusetts Community

Abstract: These results suggest that the salivary IgG specific to Cryptosporidium antigens warrants further evaluation as a potential indicator of recent infections.

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—a one health approach to prophylaxis

Cryptosporidium in humans and animals—a one health approach to prophylaxis

Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections

Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection

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