Recent Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19

Insight of smart biosensors for COVID‐19: A review

“…The advantage that withholds smart biosensing application (nanoparticle-based) and their composites includes clear signal amplification, signal generation, significant LOD, higher sensitivity, smaller in diameter and selectivity that are important for biosensor development and demonstrating the capability of smart biosensing application in SARS-CoV-2 detection. [26] Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are formed from graphene sheets with smaller nanometer and have shown to possess excellent electrical, mechanical and thermal characteristics thereby making them suitable candidates to be developed into a biosensor. Pinals et al, developed a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) that is similar in functionality with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of SARS-CoV-2 and it was observed that the presence of SARS-CoV-2 excites a two-fold nano-sensor fluorescence when exposed to spike protein of virus within 1 h and 30 min [27] and it was reported that this biosensing application indicated a 73% fluorescence indication in response to 5 s exposure to 35 mg/L of SARS-CoV-2 virus particle thus developing a rapid tool for SARS-CoV-2 detection.…”

“…[ 28 ] CNTs overcomes the problem of migration owing to their metallic properties that are faced by graphene‐based biosensor and due to the utilization of metal particles in the compound structure CNTs enhancing reproducibility and stability. [ 26 ]…”

“…[28] CNTs overcomes the problem of migration owing to their metallic properties that are faced by graphene-based biosensor and due to the utilization of metal particles in the compound structure CNTs enhancing reproducibility and stability. [26] In the recent decade, quantum dots have received attention due to their ability to fight against vital infections. Quantum dots are small semi-conductor nanocrystals that transform the light spectrum into a variety of colors and range from 1 to 10 nm that showcases efficient fluorescence, quantum property and changeable band energy.…”

“…The advantage that withholds smart biosensing application (nanoparticle‐based) and their composites includes clear signal amplification, signal generation, significant LOD, higher sensitivity, smaller in diameter and selectivity that are important for biosensor development and demonstrating the capability of smart biosensing application in SARS‐CoV‐2 detection. [ 26 ]…”

Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Functional Validation of Potential Hit Molecules Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

“…The causative agent SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA-virus belonging to the β-coronaviruses with greater infectivity and transmissibility compared to SARS and MERS-CoVs [ 2 ]. Early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using various diagnostic techniques is crucial to mitigate its community-wide spread [ 3 ]. Structural components of coronaviruses include the spike proteins, extracellular membrane, envelope, nucleocapsid and non-structural proteins [ 4 , 5 ].…”