Recent Developments of Biomaterials for Additive Manufacturing of Bone Scaffolds

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed surging demand for bone repair/regeneration implants due to the increasing number of bone defects caused by trauma, cancer, infection, and arthritis worldwide. In addition to bone autografts and allografts, biomaterial substitutes have been widely used in clinical practice. Personalized implants with precise and personalized control of shape, porosity, composition, surface chemistry, and mechanical properties will greatly facilitate the regeneration of bone tissue and satiate the clinical needs. Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, also known as 3D printing, are drawing fast growing attention in the fabrication of implants or scaffolding materials due to their capability of manufacturing complex and irregularly shaped scaffolds in repairing bone defects in clinical practice. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the development of materials and techniques used in the additive manufacturing of bone scaffolds. In addition, clinical application, pre-clinical trials and future prospects of AM based bone implants are also summarized and discussed.

Advanced Strategies of Biomimetic Tissue‐Engineered Grafts for Bone Regeneration

“…3D printing techniques including extrusion, inkjet printing, selective laser sintering, and stereolithography are common techniques to fabricate micro porous grafts. [ 74 ] More importantly, 3D printing allows cell‐containing printing with high viability, which can also enable the printing of multiple cell types to suit the complexity of bone tissue. Even though the concentration and cross‐linking of bio‐inks can be adjusted to improve the mechanical properties, the cell‐contained 3D printed grafts usually have the shortcoming of insufficient stiffness or elastic modulus.…”

Metal Material, Properties and Design Methods of Porous Biomedical Scaffolds for Additive Manufacturing: A Review

“…Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, also known as 3D printing, attracts extensive attention in the fabrication of biomedical implants due to their capability of manufacturing porous scaffolds with irregular shapes (Chen et al, 2020b). AM prepares products by layer-by-layer stacking method, which divides into the following three steps.…”

“…Compared with DED, PBF can prepare the parts with better manufacturing accuracy and surface quality and are more prevalent in the biomedical field. Therefore, this article focuses on powder bed fusion technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM) (Chen et al, 2020b). The differences in these AM technologies are summarized, as shown in Table 1.…”

Ursolic Acid Loaded-Mesoporous Hydroxylapatite/ Chitosan Therapeutic Scaffolds Regulate Bone Regeneration Ability by Promoting the M2-Type Polarization of Macrophages

“…5,6 Scientists and trauma surgeons seek many ways to solve these problems, such as xenografts, allografts and autografts. [7][8][9] Good postoperative outcomes are achieved with these procedures. However, donor-site morbidity for autografts and immunogenicity for xenografts and allografts can limit their application.…”