Metal Material, Properties and Design Methods of Porous Biomedical Scaffolds for Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Lv, Ying; Wang, Binghao; Liu, Guohao; Tang, Yue; Lu, Eryi; Xie, Kegong; Lan, Changgong; Liu, Jia; Qin, Zhenbo; Wang, Liqiang

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.641130

Cited by 82 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Metals can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Among the non-biodegradable metals used are titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), stainless steel, and alloys such as titaniumnickel (Ti-Ni) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys, while biodegradable metals include iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) alloys [48].…”

Section: Metallic Biomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional and Recent Trends of Scaffolds Fabrication: A Superior Mode for Tissue Engineering

ElMeligy

2022

Pharmaceutics

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Tissue regeneration is an auto-healing mechanism, initiating immediately following tissue damage to restore normal tissue structure and function. This falls in line with survival instinct being the most dominant instinct for any living organism. Nevertheless, the process is slow and not feasible in all tissues, which led to the emergence of tissue engineering (TE). TE aims at replacing damaged tissues with new ones. To do so, either new tissue is being cultured in vitro and then implanted, or stimulants are implanted into the target site to enhance endogenous tissue formation. Whichever approach is used, a matrix is used to support tissue growth, known as ‘scaffold’. In this review, an overall look at scaffolds fabrication is discussed, starting with design considerations and different biomaterials used. Following, highlights of conventional and advanced fabrication techniques are attentively presented. The future of scaffolds in TE is ever promising, with the likes of nanotechnology being investigated for scaffold integration. The constant evolvement of organoids and biofluidics with the eventual inclusion of organ-on-a-chip in TE has shown a promising prospect of what the technology might lead to. Perhaps the closest technology to market is 4D scaffolds following the successful implementation of 4D printing in other fields.

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Section: Metallic Biomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional and Recent Trends of Scaffolds Fabrication: A Superior Mode for Tissue Engineering

ElMeligy

2022

Pharmaceutics

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“…Limmahakhun et al ( Limmahakhun et al, 2017a ) designed and fabricated a porous femoral stem using CoCr pillar octahedral units. This unit cell is a BCC type without eight horizontal struts, and the horizontal stiffness isotropy is lower than BCC ( Lv et al, 2021 ). Mechanical tests carried out on four cylindrical pillar octahedral specimen with a pore size of 2 mm and porosity ranging from 41 to 67% showed that the mechanical properties of the CoCr components were close to cortical bone, with a Young’s modulus and compressive strength of 2.33–3.14 GPa and 113–523 MPa, respectively.…”

Section: Porous Structures Applied To the Femoral Stemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femoral Stems With Porous Lattice Structures: A Review

Liu

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Cementless femoral stems are prone to stress shielding of the femoral bone, which is caused by a mismatch in stiffness between the femoral stem and femur. This can cause bone resorption and resultant loosening of the implant. It is possible to reduce the stress shielding by using a femoral stem with porous structures and lower stiffness. A porous structure also provides a secondary function of allowing bone ingrowth, thus improving the long-term stability of the prosthesis. Furthermore, due to the advent of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, it is possible to fabricate femoral stems with internal porous lattices. Several review articles have discussed porous structures, mainly focusing on the geometric design, mechanical properties and influence on bone ingrowth. However, the safety and effectiveness of porous femoral stems depend not only on the characteristic of porous structure but also on the macro design of the femoral stem; for example, the distribution of the porous structure, the stem geometric shape, the material, and the manufacturing process. This review focuses on porous femoral stems, including the porous structure, macro geometric design of the stem, performance evaluation, research methods used for designing and evaluating the femoral stems, materials and manufacturing techniques. In addition, this review will evaluate whether porous femoral stems can reduce stress shielding and increase bone ingrowth, in addition to analyzing their shortcomings and related risks and providing ideas for potential design improvements.

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“…Porous materials can be manufactured by many techniques for biomedical use, such as additive manufacturing (AM) technology, selective laser sintering (SLS), and selective laser melting (SLM) [ 18 ]. Additive manufacturing is also named 3D printing; this method produces the product layer by layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Cu as a Spacer to Fabricate and Control the Porosity of Titanium Zirconium Based Bulk Metallic Glass Foams for Orthopedic Implant Applications

et al. 2022

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In this study, a porous titanium zirconium (TiZr)-based bulk metallic foam was successfully fabricated using the Cu spacer by employing the hot press method. TiZr-based bulk metallic foams with porosities ranging from 0% to 50% were fabricated and analyzed. The results indicate that thermal conductivity increased with the addition of Cu spacer; the increased thermal conductivity reduced the holding time in the hot press method. Moreover, the compressive strength decreased from 1261 to 76 MPa when the porosity of the TiZr-based bulk metallic foam increased to 50%, and the compressive strength was predictable. In addition, the foam demonstrated favorable biocompatibility in cell viability, cell migration capacity, and calcium deposition tests. Moreover, the pore size of the porous TiZr-based bulk metallic foam was around 120 µm. In conclusion, TiZr-based bulk metallic foam has favorable biocompatibility, mechanical property controllability, and porous structure for bone ingrowth and subsequent enhanced osteointegration. This porous TiZr-based bulk metallic foam has great potential as an orthopedic implant to enhance bone healing and decrease healing time.

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Metal Material, Properties and Design Methods of Porous Biomedical Scaffolds for Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Cited by 82 publications

References 161 publications

Conventional and Recent Trends of Scaffolds Fabrication: A Superior Mode for Tissue Engineering

Conventional and Recent Trends of Scaffolds Fabrication: A Superior Mode for Tissue Engineering

Femoral Stems With Porous Lattice Structures: A Review

Using Cu as a Spacer to Fabricate and Control the Porosity of Titanium Zirconium Based Bulk Metallic Glass Foams for Orthopedic Implant Applications

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