Recent Developments in the Analysis of Carotenoids by Mass Spectrometry

Pérez‐Gálvez, Antonio; Roca, María

doi:10.5772/intechopen.79755

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…However, the correct identification is only feasible through the acquisition of several layers of information from different technologies (UV-visible spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and circular dichroism) combined with a variety of derivatization processes and a comparison with reference standards. The presence of geometric isomers, a frequent feature of carotenoids, complicates the identification task and requires the introduction of secure workflow models and a combination of analytical techniques for successful classification [27][28][29][30]. At this point, the main issue to consider in metabolome-based studies of carotenoids is the site of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation and the structural features that characterize the precursors, products, and catabolites of this family of natural pigments.…”

Section: Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the case of the metabolite profiling of microalgae species [70] and vegetable purees [71]. Soft-ionization techniques (electrospray ionization, ESI; atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, APCI) that yield protonated (positive mode) or de-protonated (negative mode) molecular ions are appropriate for the analysis of the most relevant groups of plant secondary metabolites [29,72,73], which are mainly separated with a reversed-phase column providing an efficient retention time and separation index, with a particular emphasis on the detection of isomeric compounds. Usually, APCI is used for carotenoids [74][75][76] and non-polar chlorophylls (chlorophylls and pheophytins) [77][78][79], and ESI is used in the analysis of polar chlorophylls (pheophorbide and chlorophyllide) and phyllobilins [80,81].…”

Section: Technologies: Instrumental Techniques For the Acquisition Of Spectroscopic And Spectrometric Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies

Roca

Pérez‐Gálvez

2021

Antioxidants

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Chlorophylls and carotenoids are two families of antioxidants present in daily ingested foods, whose recognition as added-value ingredients runs in parallel with the increasing number of demonstrated functional properties. Both groups include a complex and vast number of compounds, and extraction and analysis methods evolved recently to a modern protocol. New methodologies are more potent, precise, and accurate, but their application requires a better understanding of the technical and biological context. Therefore, the present review compiles the basic knowledge and recent advances of the metabolomics of chlorophylls and carotenoids, including the interrelation with the primary metabolism. The study includes material preparation and extraction protocols, the instrumental techniques for the acquisition of spectroscopic and spectrometric properties, the workflows and software tools for data pre-processing and analysis, and the application of mass spectrometry to pigment metabolomics. In addition, the review encompasses a critical description of studies where metabolomics analyses of chlorophylls and carotenoids were developed as an approach to analyzing the effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on living organisms.

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Section: Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Technologies: Instrumental Techniques For the Acquisition Of Spectroscopic And Spectrometric Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies

Roca

Pérez‐Gálvez

2021

Antioxidants

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“…Carotenoids are generally classified into two categories on the basis of their structure, namely those with only hydrocarbons are known as hydrocarbon carotenoids (e.g., lycopene, carotene) and the others with an oxygen moiety are termed as oxy‐carotenoids (astaxanthin, zeaxanthin etc. also together known as xanthophylls) 10 . Mostly found in a trans ‐stereo isomeric configuration in nature, carotenoids also exist in cis , cis/trans forms with varied biological properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…also together known as xanthophylls). 10 Mostly found in a trans-stereo isomeric configuration in nature, carotenoids also exist in cis, cis/trans forms with varied biological properties. Apart from being natural pigments, functioning to protect biological entities, carotenoids have also been found to possess qualities in accordance with the properties of bioactive compounds that are valuable for mankind.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a microwave‐assisted solvent extraction process for the extraction of high‐value carotenoids from Chlorella biomass

Sarma

Saha

Choudhury

et al. 2021

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The commercial production of carotenoids as bioactive commodities from microalgae has been severely limited due to the nature of the microalgal outer cell matrix. Microwave technology offers a rapid method for obtaining larger amounts of these biochemical compounds. The process facilitates cell‐wall rupture, releasing the inner cell components. Chlorella biomass, raised in an outdoor raceway pond, is used for downstream extraction of carotenoids by following the microwave‐assisted solvent extraction (MAE) approach. The response surface modeling (RSM) strategy was employed to optimize the two independent parameters, power and extraction time, with a two‐level central composite design (CCD). Acetone, hexane, methanol, hexane : acetone (1:1), hexane : ethanol (7:3) were used as solvents of choice. Acetone gave a total carotenoid yield of 0.061 ± 0.003 mg gm−1 under optimum microwave power and time; 130 W and 1.69 min. The optimized yield from hexane was 0.00173 ± 0.005 mg gm−1 with an exposure time of 1 min to 100 W. The total carotenoid yield of the methanol‐based extraction batch was 0.0371 ± 0.004 mg gm−1 with 157 W and 1 min of extraction time. The solvent mixtures of hexane : acetone gave 0.0398 ± 0.002 mg gm−1 (185 W for 1.7 min) and hexane : ethanol gave 0.0383 ± 0.004 mg gm−1 (195 W, 1.6 min), respectively. The results indicate a satisfactory outcome to the process. They also show microwave‐based extraction to be a fast, economic, reproducible, and repeatable method in comparison with the conventional strategies used for recovering the sensitive natural pigments. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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“…The application of chromatography and mass spectrometry to carotenoid analysis in fruits is not new [23,26,27]. However, few papers have been dedicated solely to the study of both fat-soluble and carotenoid content in avocado fruits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous LC/MS Analysis of Carotenoids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Costa Rican Avocados (Persea americana Mill.)

et al. 2019

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Avocado (a fruit that represents a billion-dollar industry) has become a relevant crop in global trade. The benefits of eating avocados have also been thoroughly described as they contain important nutrients needed to ensure biological functions. For example, avocados contain considerable amounts of vitamins and other phytonutrients, such as carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene), which are fat-soluble. Hence, there is a need to assess accurately these types of compounds. Herein we describe a method that chromatographically separates commercial standard solutions containing both fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A acetate and palmitate, Vitamin D2 and D3, vitamin K1, α-, δ-, and γ-vitamin E isomers) and carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, and lycopene) effectively (i.e., analytical recoveries ranging from 80.43% to 117.02%, for vitamins, and from 43.80% to 108.63%). We optimized saponification conditions and settled at 80 °C using 1 mmol KOH L−1 ethanol during 1 h. We used a non-aqueous gradient that included methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (starting at an 80:20 ratio) and a C30 chromatographic column to achieve analyte separation (in less than 40 min) and applied this method to avocado, a fruit that characteristically contains both types of compounds. We obtained a method with good linearity at the mid to low range of the mg L−1 (determination coefficients 0.9006–0.9964). To determine both types of compounds in avocado, we developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins based on liquid chromatography and single quadrupole mass detection (LC/MS). From actual avocado samples, we found relevant concentrations for cholecalciferol (ranging from 103.5 to 119.5), δ-tocopherol (ranging from 6.16 to 42.48), and lutein (ranging from 6.41 to 15.13 mg/100 g dry weight basis). Simmonds cultivar demonstrated the higher values for all analytes (ranging from 0.03 (zeaxanthin) to 119.5 (cholecalciferol) mg/100 g dry weight basis).

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Recent Developments in the Analysis of Carotenoids by Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 7 publications

References 101 publications

Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies

Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies

Development of a microwave‐assisted solvent extraction process for the extraction of high‐value carotenoids from Chlorella biomass

Simultaneous LC/MS Analysis of Carotenoids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Costa Rican Avocados (Persea americana Mill.)

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